The water came down so scary that... Main types of complex sentences with several subordinate clauses
What is homogeneous, parallel, sequential subordination? How are the parts of a sentence related to each other? Why are proposals needed? different types submission? You will learn about all this in the lesson. Exercises, tests and simulators must be completed not only in order to master the topic, but also as a means of repeating the “Complex Sentence” section.
Topic: Complex sentences
Lesson:Main types of complex sentences with several subordinate clauses
Complex sentences with several subordinate clauses are of two types: the first case - all subordinate clauses are attached directly to the main one; the second - when the first subordinate clause is attached to the main one, and the second subordinate clause - to the first, etc.
Subordinate clauses that are added to the main clause are homogeneous and heterogeneous. Homogeneous clauses, like homogeneous clauses, have the same meaning, answer the same question, and depend on the same word in the main clause. Homogeneous subordinate clauses can be connected by a coordinating or non-conjunctive connection (only with the help of intonation).
[But it’s sad to think] that (youth was given to us in vain), that (they cheated on her all the time), that (she deceived us).
Let's draw up a proposal outline. We ask a question from the main part: sad to think about what? that youth was given to us in vain. The 1st subordinate clause is explanatory. We ask a question about the second subordinate clause: sad to think about what? that they cheated on her all the time. The 2nd subordinate clause is explanatory. We ask a question to the third subordinate clause: sad to think about what? that she deceived us. We see three subordinate clauses of the same type, to which a question is asked from the same word in the main sentence - we have before us a sentence with homogeneous subordination ( or subordination - see the textbook by M. Razumovskaya).
Dersu said that these were not clouds, but fog, and that tomorrow the day would be sunny and even hot. Two subordinate clauses refer to one word in the main word and are connected to each other using a coordinating connection (conjunction And). Please note that the same question is asked again from the same word in the main.
With homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses, it is possible to omit a conjunction and a conjunctive word: Where the cheerful sickle walked and the ear fell, now everything is empty. Let's ask a question from the main one: empty Where? where the cheerful sickle walked, empty Where? (Where) the ear fell. In the second subordinate clause Where omitted, and the subordinate clauses are connected to each other by a coordinating conjunction And.
Subordination can be homogeneous and parallel (heterogeneous). Heterogeneous subordinate clauses have different meaning, answer different questions and/or depend on different words in the main clause, but refer to the same main clause.
If I had a hundred lives, they would not satisfy all the thirst for knowledge that burns me (V. Bryusov). Main offer: they would not satisfy all the thirst for knowledge. We ask the question: under what conditions? If I had a hundred lives - subordinate clause. Another question from the main one: thirst Which? which burns me - attributive clause . We asked different questions to different subordinate clauses from the main clause and from the word in the main clause. This connection is called parallel(heterogeneous) subordination.
The second type of complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses includes sentences in which the subordinate clauses form a kind of chain. The question is asked from the main clause to the first subordinate clause, then from the first subordinate clause to the second, etc.
She was horrified when she learned that the letter was carried by her father (F. Dostoevsky). The main proposal is She was horrified We ask a question from him: I was horrified When ? when I found out - clause of time. The first clause is called a clause of the first degree . We ask a question to the second subordinate clause. I found out about what ? that the letter was carried by the father - subordinate explanatory clause. Such a subordinate clause (to which a question is asked from the first) is called a subordinate clause of the second degree. And the connection is called consistent submission.
Depending on how many subordinate clauses there are, there will be so many degrees. Sometimes, in sequential subordination, one clause is inside another clause. In this case, two subordinating conjunctions may appear next to each other: what/if, what/when, what/since etc. These subordinate clauses must be seen and distinguished. We will talk about signs in the next lesson.
The water fell so terribly that when the soldiers fled below, raging streams were already flying after them. Main offer : The water came down so terribly. We ask a question: so scary to what extent? that raging streams were already flying after them - subordinate clauses of measure and degree. We flew When? when the soldiers ran below - clause of tense . But we are already asking the question from the subordinate measure and degree. This is a case of consistent submission. It is important to understand what follows from what.
In complex sentences with three or more subordinate clauses, there may be more complex combinations: Whoever in his youth did not connect himself with strong ties to external and beautiful work, or at least to honest and useful work, can consider his youth lost without a trace, no matter how fun it was, no matter how many pleasant memories it left. Main offer: he may consider his youth lost without a trace. Asking questions : which one? who in his youth did not bind himself with strong ties to external and beautiful work, or at least to honest and useful work - subordinate pronominal attributive. Next question: may consider his youth lost without a trace no matter what? no matter how fun it was - clause of concession. The question is again asked from the main clause - the connection between the subordinate clauses is parallel (different questions from one main clause to different subordinate clauses). He may consider his youth lost without a trace no matter what? - no matter how many pleasant memories she left - subordinate clause of concession, the question is asked from the same main point and the same as to the previous sentence (homogeneous subordination). Thus, in this sentence we have both parallel and homogeneous subordination.
Pisarev wrote that human nature is so rich, strong and elastic that it can retain its freshness and beauty in the midst of the most oppressive ugliness of the environment. Pisarev wrote about what? that human nature is so rich, strong and elastic - subordinate explanatory clause. Nature is so rich, strong and elastic to what extent? that can retain its freshness and beauty in the midst of the most oppressive ugliness of the environment - subordinate clauses of measure and degree. This sentence has sequential subordination.
A good person is not one who knows how to do good, but one who does not know how to do evil (V. Klyuchevsky). A kind person is not the same which one? who knows how to do good. A good person is not this one, but that one which one? who does not know how to do evil. We got one main thing, it contains a subordinate clause who knows how to do good, and after the main one there is one more subordinate clause. This is parallel submission.
A complex sentence with several subordinate clauses is used mainly in a scientific style; such sentences help convey complex connections between facts, which is the purpose of scientific literature.
Homework
Questions
1. What types are complex sentences with several subordinate clauses divided into?
2. How are subordinate clauses added to main clauses?
3. How can we explain that a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses is used mainly in a scientific style?
Exercise 1. Determine the type of connection of subordinate clauses in a complex sentence.
(1) But it’s sad to think that youth was given to us in vain, that they cheated on it all the time, that it deceived us (A. Pushkin). (2) Dersu said that these were not clouds, but fog, and that tomorrow the day would be sunny and even hot (V. Arsenyev). (3) If I had a hundred lives, they would not satisfy all the thirst for knowledge that burns me (V. Bryusov). (4) She was horrified when she found out that the letter was carried by her father (F. Dostoevsky). (5) The water fell so terribly that when the soldiers fled below, raging streams were already flying after them. (6) Whoever in his youth did not connect himself with strong ties to an external and beautiful cause, or at least to honest and useful work, he may consider his youth lost without a trace, no matter how fun it was, no matter how many pleasant memories it left.
Exercise 2. Ask a question from the main clause to the subordinate clause, determine the type of subordinate clause.
(1) Where the cheerful sickle walked and the ear fell, now everything is empty (F. Tyutchev). (2) Whoever in his youth did not connect himself with strong ties to external and beautiful work, or at least to honest and useful work, can consider his youth lost without a trace, no matter how fun it was, no matter how many pleasant memories it left .(3) Pisarev wrote that human nature is so rich, strong and elastic that it can retain its freshness and beauty in the midst of the most oppressive ugliness of the environment. (4) A good person is not one who knows how to do good, but one who does not know how to do evil (V. Klyuchevsky).
1. Efremova T.F. New dictionary of the Russian language. Explanatory and word-formative. - M.: Russian language, 2000 ().
2. Reference and information Internet portal “Russian language”. gramota.ru
Internet resources used
1. Tutor English language in St. Petersburg ().
2. Preparation for the Russian Language Olympiad ().
Literature
Russian language: Textbook for 9th grade. general educational institutions / S.G. Barkhudarov, S.E. Kryuchkov, L.Yu. Maksimov, L.A. Czech. - M.: Education, 2011.
Russian language. 9th grade: textbook. for educational institutions /M.M. Razumovskaya, S.I. Lvova, V.I. Kapinos, V.V. Lviv; edited by MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta, - M.: Bustard, 2011.
Rosenthal D.E. Handbook of spelling and literary editing. - M., 2012.
Unified State Exam in the RUSSIAN LANGUAGE Demo version control measurement materials of the 2013 unified state exam in the Russian language, prepared by the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF PEDAGOGICAL MEASUREMENTS".
Demonstration version of control measuring materials for conducting state (final) certification (in a new form) in the RUSSIAN LANGUAGE in 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013 of students who have mastered the basic general education programs of the main general education, prepared by the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF PEDAGOGICAL MEASUREMENTS”.
Turning his gaze to the foot of the hill, Levi was riveted to the place where the cavalry regiment stood scattered, and saw that significant changes had taken place there. From above, Levi was able to clearly see how the soldiers were bustling about, pulling pikes out of the ground, how they threw cloaks on themselves, how the horse handlers ran to the road at a trot, leading black horses. The regiment was filming, that was clear. Levi, defending himself from the dust hitting his face with his hand, spitting, tried to figure out what it meant that the cavalry was about to leave? He looked higher and saw a figure in a scarlet military robe rising to the execution site. And then, from the premonition of a joyful end, the heart of the former collector turned cold.
Rising up the mountain at the fifth hour of the robbers’ suffering was the commander of the cohort, who had galloped from Yershalaim, accompanied by an orderly. The chain of soldiers, at the wave of the Rat-Slayer, opened, and the centurion saluted the tribune. He took Ratboy aside and whispered something to him. The centurion saluted a second time and moved towards the group of executioners sitting on the stones at the foot of the pillars. The tribune directed his steps towards the one who was sitting on a three-legged stool, and the person sitting politely rose to meet the tribune. And the tribune said something to him quietly, and they both went to the pillars. The head of the temple guard also joined them.
The Rat Slayer, looking disdainfully at the dirty rags that had recently been the clothing of criminals, which the executioners had discarded, called back two of them and ordered:
- Follow me!
A hoarse, meaningless song came from a nearby pole. Gestas, who was hanged on it, at the end of the third hour of execution, had gone crazy from the flies and the sun and was now quietly singing something about grapes, but occasionally still shook his head, covered with a turban, and then the flies sluggishly rose from his face and returned to him again.
Dismas on the second pillar suffered more than the other two, because he was not overcome by oblivion, and he shook his head, often and regularly, now to the right, now to the left, so as to hit his shoulder with his ear.
Yeshua was happier than the other two. In the very first hour he began to suffer from fainting spells, and then he fell into oblivion, hanging his head in an unwound turban. Flies and horseflies therefore completely surrounded him, so that his face disappeared under the black, moving mass. Fat horseflies sat in the groin, on the stomach, and under the arms and sucked on the yellow naked body.
Obeying the gestures of the hooded man, one of the executioners took a spear, and the other brought a bucket and sponge to the post. The first of the executioners raised a spear and tapped it first on one, then on the other, of Yeshua’s hand, which was extended and tied with ropes to the crossbar of the pillar. The body with protruding ribs shuddered. The executioner ran the end of his spear across his stomach. Then Yeshua raised his head, and the flies withdrew with a buzz, and the face of the hanged man was revealed, swollen from bites, with swollen eyes, an unrecognizable face.
Ga-Notsri opened his eyelids and looked down. His eyes, usually clear, were now cloudy.
- Ga-Nozri! - said the executioner.
Ga-Notsri moved his swollen lips and responded in a hoarse robber voice:
- What do you want? Why did you come to me?
- Drink! - said the executioner, and the water-soaked sponge at the end of the spear rose to Yeshua’s lips. Joy sparkled in his eyes, he clung to the sponge and greedily began to absorb the moisture. From a nearby pillar came the voice of Dismas:
- Injustice! I'm a robber just like him.
Dismas tensed, but could not move; his hands held rope rings in three places on the crossbar. He sucked in his stomach, grabbed the ends of the crossbars with his nails, kept his head turned to the pillar of Yeshua, anger burned in Dismas’s eyes.
A dust cloud covered the area and it became very dark. As the dust cleared away, the centurion shouted:
- Be silent on the second pillar!
Dismas fell silent, Yeshua looked up from the sponge and, trying to make his voice sound affectionate and convincing, and failing to achieve this, hoarsely asked the executioner:
- Give him a drink.
It was getting darker. The cloud had already filled half the sky, rushing towards Yershalaim, white boiling clouds rushed ahead of the cloud filled with black moisture and fire. It flashed and hit right over the hill. The executioner removed the sponge from the spear.
- Glory to the magnanimous hegemon! – he whispered solemnly and quietly stabbed Yeshua in the heart. He trembled and whispered:
- Hegemon...
Blood ran down his stomach lower jaw trembled convulsively, and his head hung.
At the second thunderclap, the executioner was already giving Dismas water and with the same words:
- Praise the hegemon! - killed him.
Gestas, deprived of his mind, screamed in fear as soon as the executioner was near him, but when the sponge touched his lips, he growled something and grabbed it with his teeth. After a few seconds, his body sagged as much as the ropes allowed.
The hooded man followed in the footsteps of the executioner and the centurion, followed by the chief of the temple guard. Stopping at the first pillar, the hooded man carefully examined the bloody Yeshua, touched his foot with his white hand and said to his companions:
The same thing happened at the other two pillars.
After this, the tribune made a sign to the centurion and, turning, began to leave the top along with the head of the temple guard and the hooded man. It was semi-dark, and lightning streaked the black sky. Fire suddenly sprayed out of it, and the centurion shouted: “Take off the chain!” - drowned in the roar. The happy soldiers began to run down the hill, putting on their helmets. Darkness covered Yershalaim.
The rain poured suddenly and caught the centuries halfway on the hill. The water fell so terribly that when the soldiers fled downwards, raging streams were already flying after them. The soldiers slipped and fell on the sodden clay, hurrying to the flat road along which, already barely visible in the shroud of water, the soaking wet cavalry was leaving for Yershalaim. A few minutes later, in the smoky glow of a thunderstorm, water and fire, only one person remained on the hill. Shaking the stolen knife for good reason, falling off slippery ledges, clinging to anything, sometimes crawling on his knees, he strove for the pillars. He either disappeared in complete darkness, or was suddenly illuminated by a flickering light.
Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses There are two main types: 1) all subordinate clauses are attached directly to the main clause; 2) the first subordinate clause is attached to the main clause, the second - to the first subordinate clause, etc.
I. Subordinate clauses that are attached directly to the main clause can be homogeneous And heterogeneous.
1. Homogeneous subordinate clauses, like homogeneous members, they have the same meaning, answer the same question and depend on one word in the main clause. Homogeneous subordinate clauses can be connected with each other by coordinating conjunctions or without conjunctions (only with the help of intonation). For example:
1) [But sad to think], (which is in vain was us youth is given), (What cheated to her all the time), (that deceived us she)... (A. Pushkin)- [verb], (conjunction What),(union What),(union What)...
2) [Dersu said], (What these are not clouds, but fog) So what Tomorrow it will be a sunny day and even hot) (V. Arsenyev).[verb], (what) and (what).
The connection of homogeneous subordinate clauses with the main clause is called homogeneous subordination.
It should be borne in mind that with a homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses, it is possible to omit a conjunction or conjunction in the second (third) subordinate clause, for example:
(Where is the cheerful the sickle was walking) And ( the ear fell), [now everything is empty] (F. Tyutchev).(where) and ("), ["].
2. Heterogeneous clauses have different meanings, answer different questions, or depend on different words in a sentence. For example:
(If I have hundred lives), [ they wouldn't satisfy all thirst for knowledge], ( which burns me) (V. Bryusov)- (union If),[noun], (v. word which).
The connection of heterogeneous subordinate clauses with the main clause is called parallel subordination.
II. The second type of complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses includes those in which subordinate clauses form a chain: the first subordinate clause refers to the main clause (clause of the 1st degree), the second subordinate clause refers to the subordinate clause of the 1st degree (clause of the 2nd degree), etc. For example:
[She was horrified"], (When found out), (that the letter was carried father) (F. Dostoevsky)- , (With. When verb.), (p. What).
This connection is called consistent submission.
With sequential subordination, one clause can be inside another; in this case, two subordinating conjunctions may appear side by side: What And just in case And when, what And because etc. (for punctuation marks at the junction of conjunctions, see the section “Punctuation marks in a complex sentence with two or more subordinate clauses”). For example:
[The water collapsed so scary], (what, (when the soldiers fled below), after them already were flying raging streams) (M. Bulgakov).
[uk.sl. so + adv.], (what, (when),").
In complex sentences with three or more subordinate clauses, there may be more complex combinations of subordinate clauses, for example:
(Who in his youth didn't connect yourself with strong connections with an external and wonderful cause, or at least with simple, but honest and useful work), [ he can count your youth lost without a trace], (as if cheerfully she neither passed) and (how many would pleasant memories she neither left).
(who), [pronoun], (however), (however). (Complex sentence with three subordinate clauses, with parallel and homogeneous subordination).
Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2. Indicate the type of sentence based on emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses, find their boundaries.
4. Draw up a sentence diagram: ask (if possible) questions from the main to the subordinate clauses, indicate in the main word on which the subordinate clause depends (if it is a verb), characterize the means of communication (conjunctions or allied words), determine the types of subordinate clauses (definitive, explanatory and etc.).
5. Determine the type of subordination of subordinate clauses (uniform, parallel, sequential).
Sample analysis of a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
1) [You look at the pale green sky, strewn with stars, (on which there is not a cloud or spot), and you'll understand], (why is summer warm air immovable), (why nature is on alert) (A. Chekhov).
[noun, (sel. on which), verb.], (sel. Why),(sel. Why).
will determine. will explain. will explain.
Declarative, non-exclamative, complex, complex with three subordinate clauses, with parallel and homogeneous subordination: 1st subordinate clause - attributive clause (clause depends on the noun sky, answers the question which?, on which); 2nd and 3rd subordinate clauses - explanatory clauses (depending on the verb you'll understand answer the question What?, join with a conjunctive word Why).
2) [Any the person knows], (what should he need to do not that ( what divides him with people), otherwise), ( what connects him with them) (L. Tolstoy).
[verb], (conjunction What locality, (village) What), places.), (s.ate.what).
will explain. local-determined local-determined
Declarative, non-exclamative, complex, complex with three subordinate clauses, with sequential and parallel subordination: 1st subordinate clause - explanatory clause (depending on the verb knows answers the question What?, joins the union What), 2nd and 3rd clauses - pronominal clauses (each of them depends on the pronoun That, answers the question which one?, joins with a conjunctive word What).
.1. Non-union complex sentences
Non-union complex sentence - this is a complex sentence in which simple sentences are combined into one whole in meaning and intonation, without the help of conjunctions or allied words: [Habit from above to us given]: [replacement happiness she](A. Pushkin).
Meaningful relationships between simple sentences in allied ones and are expressed differently. In allied sentences, conjunctions take part in their expression, so the semantic relationships here are more definite and clear. For example, union So expresses the consequence because- the reason, If- condition, however- opposition, etc.
The semantic relationships between simple sentences are expressed less clearly than in a conjunction. In terms of semantic relationships, and often in intonation, some are closer to complex ones, others - to complex ones. However, it is often the same non-union complex sentence in meaning it can be similar to both a compound and a complex sentence. Wed, for example: The spotlights came on- it became light all around; The spotlights came on and it became light all around; When the spotlights came on, it became light all around.
Meaningful relations in non-union complex sentences depend on the content of the simple sentences included in them and are expressed in oral speech by intonation, and in writing by various punctuation marks (see section “Punctuation marks in non-union complex sentence»).
IN non-union complex sentences The following types of semantic relations between simple sentences (parts) are possible:
I. Enumerative(some facts, events, phenomena are listed):
[I_ haven't seen you for a whole week], [I haven't heard you for a long time] (A. Chekhov) -, .
Such non-union complex sentences approach complex sentences with a connecting conjunction And.
Like the compound sentences synonymous with them, non-union complex sentences can express the value 1) simultaneity listed events and 2) their sequences.
1) \ Bemep howled plaintively and quietly], [in the darkness the horses neighed], [from the camp swam tender and passionate song- thought] (M. Gorky) -,,.
stirred ], [fluttered up half asleep bird] (V. Garshin)- ,.
Non-union complex sentences with enumerative relations may consist of two sentences, or may include three or more simple sentences.
II. Causal(the second sentence reveals the reason for what is said in the first):
[I unhappy]: [every day guests] (A. Chekhov). Such non-union complex sentences synonymous with complex subordinates with subordinate clauses.
III. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the first):
1) [Items were lost your form]: [ everything merged first into a gray, then into a dark mass] (I. Goncharov)-
2) [Like all Moscow residents, yours Father is like that]: [I would like he is a son-in-law with stars and ranks] (A. Griboyedov)-
Such non-conjunction sentences are synonymous with sentences with an explanatory conjunction namely.
IV. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the word in the first part that has the meaning of speech, thought, feeling or perception, or a word that indicates these processes: listened, looked, looked back etc.; in the second case we can talk about skipping words like see, hear etc.):
1) [Nastya during the story I remembered]: [from yesterday stayed whole untouched cast iron boiled potatoes] (M. Prishvin)- :.
2) [I came to my senses, Tatyana looks]: [bear No]... (A. Pushkin)- :.
Such non-conjunctive sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with explanatory clauses (I remembered that...; looks (and sees that)...).
V. Comparative and adversative relations (the content of the second sentence is compared with the content of the first or contrasted with it):
1) [All happy family looks like and each other], [each unhappy family but in his own way] (L. Tolstoy)- ,.
2) [Rank followed to him]- [he suddenly left] (A. Griboyedov)- - .
Such non-union complex sentences synonymous with complex sentences with adversative conjunctions a, but.
VI. Conditional-temporary(the first sentence indicates the time or condition for the implementation of what is said in the second):
1) [Do you like to ride] - [love and sleigh carry] (proverb)- - .
2) [See you with Gorky]- [talk with him] (A. Chekhov)--.
Such sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with subordinate clauses of condition or time.
VII. Consequences(the second sentence states the consequence of what is said in the first):
[Small the rain is falling in the morning]- [it's impossible to get out] (I. Turgenev)- ^TT
Lesson 15. Complex sentence with two or more subordinate clauses.
I. Heterogeneous subordinate clauses have different meanings, answer different questions, or depend on different words in the main clause. For example:
(If I had a hundred lives), [they would not satisfy all the thirst for knowledge], (which burns me). (V. Bryusov) - (conjunction if), [noun], (v. word which).
The connection of heterogeneous subordinate clauses with the main clause is called
parallel subordination.
II. The second type of complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses are those in which the subordinate clauses form a “chain”: the first subordinate clause refers to the main clause (clause of the 1st degree), the second subordinate clause refers to the subordinate clause of the 1st degree (clause of the 2nd degree). degrees), etc. For example:
[She was horrified"], (when she found out), (that the letter was carried by her father) (F. Dostoevsky) -, (p. when verb.), (p. that).
This connection of subordinate clauses with the main clause is called sequential subordination.
With sequential subordination, one clause can be inside another; in this case, two subordinating conjunctions may appear side by side: what and if, what and when, what and since, etc. (for punctuation marks at the junction of conjunctions, see the section “Punctuation marks in a complex sentence with two or more subordinate clauses”) . For example:
[The water fell so terribly], (that (when the soldiers were running below), raging streams were already flying after them) (M. Bulgakov).
[uk.sl. so + adv.], (what, (when),").
In complex sentences with three or more subordinate clauses, there may be more complex combinations of subordinate clauses, for example:
(Whoever in his youth did not connect himself with strong ties to an external and beautiful business, or at least to simple, but honest and useful work), [he can consider his youth lost without a trace], (no matter how fun it was) and ( no matter how many pleasant memories she left).
(who), [pronoun], (however), (however). (Complex sentence with three subordinate clauses, with parallel and homogeneous subordination).
Sh. Punctuation marks in complex sentences with several subordinate clauses. Homogeneous subordinate clauses.
A complex sentence (CSS) can have two parts - one main part, the other dependent, subordinate. We can talk about three types of connection of subordinate parts with the main one.
1. All subordinate clauses are attached to the main part, but there is no connection between the subordinate clauses. This is heterogeneous (parallel) subordination. If it snows, we will go for a walk to play in the snow.
2. The second type of complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses are those in which the subordinate clauses form a “chain”: the first subordinate clause refers to the main clause (clause of the 1st degree), the second subordinate clause refers to the subordinate clause of the 1st degree (clause 2 th degree), etc. This is sequential submission. I was upset because I heard that it would rain again tomorrow.
3. All subordinate clauses relate to the main part, while they are of the same type, interconnected, refer to the same word, or characterize the main part in the same way. This is homogeneous submission. This winter, everyone is dreaming about when the snow will fall and (when) people will be able to ski.
Punctuation marks are placed between homogeneous subordinate clauses using the rule for placing commas between homogeneous members of a sentence. This means that:
1. If the parts are not connected by a union, a comma is placed between them: The animals in the forest told each other that the fox’s hut was icy, that it would melt with the first rays of the sun, that then the fox would eat its neighbor and move into his house.
2. If two homogeneous parts are connected by a non-repeating connecting or dividing conjunction, then a comma is not placed between the parts: The kind and stupid hare hoped that over the winter he and the fox would become friends and that she would no longer want to eat her closest neighbor and best friend.
3. If homogeneous parts are connected by repeating conjunctions, a comma is placed before each part: The Fox dreamed of how she would eat her neighbor, and how she would move into his good-quality hut, and how she would invite all her friends to a housewarming party.
The homogeneity of such subordinate clauses is determined by the fact that they answer the same question and are introduced by the same conjunction. In the last clause in the series, the conjunction may be omitted, but is easily restored: The fox ate the bunny (when?), when spring came and [when] her house melted.