How to write particles not and neither. When it is written "not", and when "neither" with different parts of speech

XIII Non-impacting particles HE and NI

§ 48. It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of unimpacted particles not And neither . These particles differ in meaning and use.

1. Particle not used for negation, for example: I didn't talk about it. I didn't talk about it. I didn't talk about that.

It is necessary to pay attention to individual cases of the use of this particle:

a) In the presence of a negative particle not in both the first and second parts of the compound verbal predicate, the sentence acquires an affirmative meaning, for example: I can't help but mention...(i.e. "must mention"), can't help but admit...(i.e. "need to confess").

b) In interrogative and exclamatory sentences, the particle not adjoins pronouns, adverbs and particles, forming combinations with them: how notwho is notwho just notwhere not, where only not,than notwhat not, what not etc.; interrogative sentences with a combination not – whether , for example: Well, how not to please your own little man!(Griboyedov). Who hasn't cursed the stationmasters, who hasn't scolded them?(Pushkin). Why are you not great?(Pushkin). Where has he been! What did he just not see! Why not work! Sprayed the light; don't you want to get married?(Griboyedov). Would you like some senza?(Krylov).

c) in conjunction with the union till particle not used in subordinate clauses of time, denoting the limit to which the action, expressed by the predicate of the main clause, lasts, for example: Stay here until I come.

d) Particle not included in stable combinations: almost, almost, hardly, denoting the assumption, far from, not at all, not at all, not at all, not at all denoting reinforced negation, for example: almost the best shooter, almost at five o'clock in the morning, by no means a fair decision, not at all a bad product, far from a reliable means.

e) Particle not is part of the coordinating unions: not that; not that - not that; not only - but; not that not - but; not that not - but, for example: Give me the ring and go; otherwise I will do something with you that you do not expect(Pushkin). Upstairs, behind the ceiling, someone is either moaning or laughing(Chekhov). The partisans had not only rifles, but also machine guns.(Stavsky).

2. Particle neither used to reinforce negation, for example: I couldn't get a bone anywhere(Krylov). There was not a single gap in the sky behind(Fadeev). Blizzard never even looked at the questioners(Fadeev). There is not a soul in the village now: everything is in nole(Fadeev).

repeating particle neither takes on the meaning of a union, for example: There was no water or trees to be seen anywhere.(Chekhov). Neither muses, nor labors, nor the joys of leisure - nothing can replace the only friend(Pushkin). But the crowds flee, not noticing either him or his anguish.(Chekhov). I don't know who you are or who he is.(Turgenev).

It is necessary to pay attention to individual cases of the use of the particle neither :

a) Particle neither used before the predicate in subordinate clauses to reinforce the affirmative meaning, for example: Obey him in everything he commands(Pushkin). He could not iambic from chorea, no matter how hard we fought, to distinguish(Pushkin). Wherever I look, thick rye is everywhere(Maikov). Whoever passes, everyone praises(Pushkin).

Particle neither in subordinate clauses of this type, it is adjacent to a relative word or to a union, and therefore subordinate clauses begin with combinations: whoeverwhoever,whateverwhatever,no matter how, no matter how,no matter how much, no matter how muchwherever, wherever,wherever, wherever,whatever, whatever,whoever, whoeverwhenever, whenever etc.

These combinations have entered some stable turns: wherever you go, out of nowhere, by all means etc.

b) Particle neither occurs in stable combinations that have the meaning of a categorical command, for example: not from a place, not a step further, not a word etc.

c) Particle neither included in negative pronouns: none, no one (no one) etc.; nothing, nothing (nothing) etc.; none, none (none) etc.; no one, no one (no one's) etc. and adverbs: never, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, not at all, not at all, not at all, as well as in the composition of the particle someday .

Is written neither in stable combinations that include pronouns, for example: left with nothing, left with nothing, disappeared for nothing.

d) Double neither is included in stable turns, which are a combination of two opposing concepts, for example: neither alive nor dead; neither this nor that; neither fish nor fowl; neither give nor take; neither peahen nor raven etc.

Spelling NOT and NOR.

The spelling is neither and nor with different parts of speech.

The rule is divided into two parts:

continuous or separate spelling NOT with all parts of speech;

difference between NOT and NOR

Rule.

Continuous and separate spelling NOT (the picture can be enlarged by clicking on it)

Distinguish!

Depending on conditions

Difference between NOT and NOR

In a simple sentence

IN complex sentence with the words where, where, how, when, what, who, how much NOT / NOR:

parsing algorithm.

1. Define the part of speech.

2. See if there are any words in the sentence that are NOT always written separately.

3. Pay attention to whether there is a prefix UNDER- or a combination NOT TO-.

4. As part of speech, remember the rule.

Parsing the task.

In which sentence is NOT written SEPARATELY with the word?

1) He lacks experience and (does not) have enough patience.

2) Our country is (in)dependent.

3) He was somehow immediately (not) loved.

4) We stopped at a site that was by no means (un)suitable for construction.

Option number 1.

(Not) enough- a verb with NOT (DO) -. Remove NOT-: he has the patience. You can’t say that, so it’s not used without NOT. Write fluently!

Option number 2.

(NOT) dependent - this is a short participle with the suffix -IM. There is no dependent word in the instrumental case in the sentence, so we DO NOT write together.

Option number 3.

(Not) loved- without NOT is not used. Write fluently.

It would be difficult for us to have to refuse something if it were not for the negative particle. As one of the most used service parts of speech, it helps us express our attitude to a particular situation. We will talk about its role in the Russian language, as well as about the varieties in our article.

Particles

All parts of speech are usually divided into two large groups. The first includes independent words. They have their own meaning and are the basis of our speech. However, it would be difficult for us to compose a text using only this group. Therefore, the so-called service particles come to their aid. They also include a negative particle. However, this is not the only species in this group.

There are also the following:

• Forming the form: let, would, come on.
• Interrogative: is it, is it, is it.
• Exclamatory: how, what for.
• Requirement: then, ka, s.
• Doubt: whether.

Each of them has its own specific purpose and a special role in the Russian language. It would be difficult to express emotions without using particles.

"Ni"

Difficulties often arise in writing negative particles. It turns out that "not" and "neither" have completely different meanings. Each of the rules has a historical basis.

We will write "ni":

• When we want to reinforce an existing denial. Let's compare two sentences:

1. There were no fish in the lake. 2. We didn't see any fish in the lake.

In the second sentence, the negation is stronger than in the first. Emphasis is placed on the fact that in the reservoir the fishermen did not observe any fish at all, absolutely none.

• In complex sentences. This particle is very often used in the dependent part.

For example: Wherever I went, everywhere I thought about the sea.

I can't learn the rules no matter how hard I try.

• When using homogeneous and enumerated members.

Neither mathematics, nor biology, nor physics were done by Petya in time.

• The predicate is missing. Very often you can substitute the words “no” or “no” to them.

For example: No fire, no smoke (no).

Neither lie down nor rest (it is impossible).

The main function that this negative particle conveys is amplification.

"Not"

This official part of speech carries a slightly different meaning. Usually we use "not" when we want to refuse something or give the word an antonymous meaning. Consider other cases where "not" is a negative particle:

• The double "not" is pronounced when asserting.

For example: I couldn't help but talk about it. I understood that it was impossible not to confess.

• In some exclamatory sentences denoting surprise, we also write “not”:

How can you not love this city! What color did the sky shimmer during a thunderstorm!

It is worth distinguishing between the spelling "not" and "neither" in pronouns. In this situation, it all depends on the accent. In a strong position we write "E": nobody, NOT with anyone, NOT with anyone. We use “I” without stress: No way, NONE, NONE about anyone.

and gerunds

It is not easy for schoolchildren to memorize the spelling rules of a given particle with different groups of speech. Each of them has its own orthographic features. How is the particle "Not" spelled with gerunds? The answer to this question is simple: always separate. Immediately recall its similar spelling with the verb. The participle is formed just from it. Hence the same principle of their writing. For example: do not do - do not do, do not sunbathe - do not sunbathe.

However, there are times when a word without this important particle is simply not used. In this case, we will write it together. Consider an example: Resent about the rain - shout, indignant about the rain. Both with a verb and with a similar gerund, the negative particle is written together.

This rule is most easily remembered by students, since there are very few exceptions to it.

Particle "not" with nouns

The rules for spelling words are not always simple. For example, im.noun, as well as im.adj. and adverbs have their own scheme of using them with the particle “not”.

We will write it together in the following cases:

• Antonym formations with "not". For example: friend - foe, weather - bad weather, beautiful - ugly, little - a lot.
• Impossibility of using words without "not": Clumsy, scoundrel, slob, violently.

Separately, “not” is written if:

• There is a clear contrast. It is usually expressed with the union "a". For example: The man turned out to be not a friend, but an enemy. Not luck, but complete collapse and disappointment awaited us.
• The denial is emphasized: It was not my mother who called on the phone (but someone else). We did not come in the evening, but at night.
• There is reinforcement. For example: Our neighbor is not tall at all. My sister is by no means a snitch.

We have presented the main cases when the particle “not” with nouns is written both together and separately. Do not forget that adverbs with adjectives also fall under this rule. If you keep this important feature in mind, then you don’t have to remember the spelling “not” for each part of speech separately.

"Not" with participles

Another case when the negative particle “not”, and not “neither”, is written is its use with participles. Many confuse its spelling with gerunds. These parts of speech were formed from verbs, but with “not” they are written in completely different ways.

Everyone knows that participles have the ability to form turns with the help of dependent words. In the case when it is used precisely as part of a turnover, we will write it separately from “not”. Example: A student who did not complete the exercise received a deuce. As you can see, the participle "not fulfilled" is written separately from "not", since it has the dependent word "exercise" with it. In this case, it is included in which explains its spelling with a negative particle.

However, there is another side to this rule. In the case when there is no turnover, the participle changes its spelling. Consider an example: The exercise remained unfulfilled.

It would seem that the meaning of the sentence has not changed. However, the syntax is completely different. Now the sacrament does not carry any dependent words. This means that there is no reason to write it separately with the particle.

Let's change this example with just one word: The exercise remained unfulfilled by the students. We note the difference: now a word has appeared that forms a participial turnover (by the students). In such a situation, we will already write it separately from “not”.

Well, of course, as with every rule, there are exceptions. If the participle without this particle is not used, then we will write it together, regardless of whether there is a turnover or not. For example: The raging wind did not subside until dawn.

Output

In this article, we examined the main cases when "not" is a negative particle, but when it performs other roles. Do not confuse it with "neither": they have different spelling features. However, the main function of "not" is still negation. In some interrogative-exclamatory sentences, we can use it as an affirmative. Also, do not forget that with each part of speech it is written differently.

1. Particle not used for negation, for example: I didn't talk about it. I didn't talk about it. I didn't talk about that.
2. It is necessary to pay attention to individual cases of the use of this particle:
1. In the presence of a negative particle not in both the first and second parts of the compound verbal predicate, the sentence acquires an affirmative meaning, for example: I can't help but mention...(i.e. should mention), can't help but admit...(i.e., one must confess).
2. In interrogative and exclamatory sentences, the particle not adjoins pronouns, adverbs and particles, forming combinations with them: how not, who is not, who is not, where not, where not only, than not, what not, what not etc.; interrogative sentences with a combination not - whether, for example:

   Well, how not to please your own little man!(Griboyedov).

   Who hasn't cursed the stationmasters, who hasn't scolded them?(Pushkin).

   Why are you not great?(Pushkin).

   Where has he been! What did he just not see! Why not work! Sprayed the light; don't you want to get married?(Griboyedov).

   Would you like some senza?(Krylov).

3. In conjunction with the union till particle not used in subordinate clauses of time, denoting the limit to which the action, expressed by the predicate of the main clause, lasts, for example: Stay here until I come;
4. Particle not included in stable combinations: almost, almost, hardly not, denoting the assumption, far from, by no means, not at all, not at all, not at all denoting reinforced negation, for example: perhaps the best shooter, almost five o'clock in the morning, not a fair decision, not a bad product at all, far from reliable;
5. Particle not is part of the coordinating unions: not that; not that - not that; not only - but; not that not - but; not that not - but, for example:

   Give me the ring and go; otherwise I will do something with you that you do not expect(Pushkin).

   Upstairs, behind the ceiling, someone is either moaning or laughing(Chekhov).

   The partisans had not only rifles, but machine guns(Stavsky).

3. Particle neither used to reinforce negation, for example:

   I couldn't get a bone anywhere(Krylov).

   There was not a single gap in the sky behind(Fadeev).

   Blizzard never even looked at the questioners(Fadeev).

   There is not a soul in the village now: everything is in nole(Fadeev).

repeating particle neither takes on the meaning of a union, for example:

There was no water or trees to be seen anywhere.(Chekhov).

Neither muses, nor labors, nor the joys of leisure - nothing can replace the only friend(Pushkin).

But the crowds flee, not noticing either him or his anguish.(Chekhov).

I don't know who you are, who is he(Turgenev).

It is necessary to pay attention to individual cases of the use of the particle neither:

1. a) Particle neither used before the predicate in subordinate clauses to reinforce the affirmative meaning, for example:

   Obey him in everything he commands(Pushkin).

   He could not iambic from chorea, no matter how hard we fought, to distinguish(Pushkin).

   Wherever I look, thick rye is everywhere(Maikov).

   Whoever passes, everyone praises(Pushkin).

Particle neither in subordinate clauses of this type, it is adjacent to a relative word or to a union, and therefore subordinate clauses begin with combinations: whoever, whoever, whatever, whatever, no matter how, howsoever, no matter how much, no matter how much, wherever, wherever, wherever, wherever, whatever, Whichever, no one's, whoever, whenever, whenever etc.

These combinations have entered some stable turns: wherever it went, out of nowhere, no matter what etc.

2. b) Particle neither occurs in stable combinations that have the meaning of a categorical command, for example: Don `t move, not one step further, not a word etc.
3. c) Particle neither included in negative pronouns: none, no one (no one) etc.; nothing, nothing (up to nothing) etc.; no, no (none) etc.; nobody's, nobody's (no one) etc. and adverbs: never, nowhere, nowhere, out of nowhere, no way, not at all, at all, not at all, as well as in the composition of the particle someday.

Is written neither in stable combinations that include pronouns, for example: stayed with nothing, left with nothing, disappeared for nothing.

4. d) Double neither is included in stable turns, which are a combination of two opposing concepts, for example: neither alive nor dead; neither this nor that; neither fish nor fowl; neither give nor take; neither peahen nor raven etc.