Home » Tests and diagnostics » Buk anti-aircraft missile system. "Buk": history of creation and characteristics Division Buk M1 composition

Buk anti-aircraft missile system. "Buk": history of creation and characteristics Division Buk M1 composition

Cooperation of enterprises led by NIIP im. V.V. Tikhonravova" in 1994–1997. Work was carried out to create a modernized Buk-M1-2 complex based on the 9K37 Buk air defense system. At the same time, the complex turned into a universal fire weapon. Through the use of the new 9M317 and the modernization of other means of the complex, for the first time it is possible to destroy tactical ballistic missiles of the "Lance" type, aircraft missiles at ranges of up to 20 km, high-precision elements, surface targets at ranges of up to 25 km and ground targets (aircraft at airfields, launchers, large command posts) at ranges up to 15 km. The effectiveness of defeating aircraft, helicopters and cruise missiles has been increased. The boundaries of the affected zones have been increased to 45 km in range and up to 25 km in altitude.

The uniqueness of the Buk complex and all its modifications is that, with a significant size of the affected area in terms of range, height and parameters, the combat mission can be carried out autonomously using only one ground-based fire weapon - a self-propelled firing system. This quality makes it possible to ensure surprise in the firing of air targets from ambushes, and autonomous operational change of combat position, which significantly increases the survivability of the installation.

The Buk-M1-2 complex differs from its predecessor the Buk-M1 air defense system primarily in the use of the new 9M317 missile. In addition to the use of an improved missile, it is planned to introduce a new tool into the complex - a radar for target illumination and missile guidance with the antenna placed in the working position at a height of up to 22 m using a telescopic device. With the introduction of target illumination and guidance radars, the complex's combat capabilities to engage low-flying targets, in particular modern cruise missiles, are significantly expanded.

The complex provides for the presence of command posts and firing sections of two types:

four sections, each of which includes one advanced self-propelled firing system (SLA) 9A310M1-2, carrying four missiles and capable of simultaneous firing of up to four targets, and one launch-loading installation with eight missiles;

two sections, each of which includes one illumination and guidance radar, also capable of providing simultaneous fire at up to four targets, and two launcher-loading installations with eight missiles on each.

The complex is being developed in two versions - mobile on tracked vehicles of the GM-569 family, similar to those used in previous modifications of the Buk complex, and also transportable on road trains with semi-trailers and KrAZ vehicles. In the latter option, with a slight reduction in cost, the maneuverability indicators deteriorate and the deployment time of the air defense system from the march increases from 5 to 10-15 minutes.

The 9A310M1–2 self-propelled firing system includes:

radar station (radar)

launcher with four missiles

digital computing system,

television-optical viewer,

laser rangefinder,

navigation and communication equipment,

radio interrogator “friend or foe”,

built-in trainer,

documentation equipment.

The location of the radar and launcher with missiles on one rigid platform allows, using an electro-hydraulic drive, their simultaneous rotation in azimuth with the raising and lowering of the artillery unit. In the process of combat operation, the SOU carries out detection, identification, auto-tracking and recognition of the target type, development of a flight mission, solution of the launch problem, launch of a missile, illumination of the target and transmission of radio correction commands to the missile, evaluation of firing results. The self-propelled gun can fire at targets both as part of an anti-aircraft missile system with target designation from a command post, and autonomously in a predetermined sector of responsibility. Firing of targets can be carried out both from the self-propelled gun itself and from the launcher-loading unit (PZU) attached to it.

The SOU 9A310M1–2 can be equipped with both the standard 9M38M1 missile and the newly developed 9M317 missile.

The 9M317 anti-aircraft guided missile was developed as a single anti-aircraft missile for the ground forces and air defense of naval ships (the Ezh air defense system). It hits tactical ballistic missiles, strategic and tactical aircraft, including those maneuvering with an overload of up to 12 units, cruise missiles, fire support helicopters (including hovering at low altitudes), remotely piloted aircraft, anti-ship missiles in conditions of intense radio countermeasures , as well as radio-contrast surface and ground targets.

The 9M317 missile, compared to the 9M38M1, has an expanded destruction zone of up to 45 km in range and up to 25 km in height and parameters, as well as a larger range of targets to be hit.

Externally it differs from the 9M38M1 by a significantly shorter wing chord length; it provides for the use of an inertial-corrected control system with a semi-active radar seeker with guidance using the proportional navigation method.

The technical solutions contained in it made it possible, based on recognition results, to adapt the control system and combat equipment of the missile to the type of target (ballistic target, aerodynamic target, helicopter, small target, surface (ground) target) and increase the probability of destruction. Due to the technical solutions implemented in the missile’s onboard equipment and the complex’s equipment, it is possible to fire at radio-contrast surface and ground targets and defeat them through a direct hit. The missile can hit targets flying at ultra-low altitudes.

A fully assembled and equipped rocket is explosion-proof and does not require checks and adjustments during its entire service life. The missile has a high level of reliability. Its service life is 10 years and can be extended after special work.

The high efficiency, versatility and possibility of using the 9M317 missile defense system have been confirmed during military exercises and firing.

The secrecy of the operation of the SDA has been improved due to the introduction of a laser rangefinder, which, paired with a television-optical sight, provides passive direction finding of ground (NGTs) and surface (NVTS) targets. Modified software The digital computer system provides optimal missile flight angles to the target, at which the influence of the underlying surface on the missile homing head is minimized. To increase the effectiveness of the missile warhead when working against surface (ground) targets, the radio fuse is turned off and a contact fuse is connected. To improve the noise immunity of the complex, a new mode- “coordinate support”. In this mode, range coordinates from other means of the complex are used to fire at the active jammer. Thus, compared to the previously used “Triangulation” mode, in which two SDA were involved, the number of firing channels for the active jammer doubles.

SOU 9A310M1–2 can be interfaced with the means of the “Cube” complex. Moreover, the “Cube” complex can simultaneously fire at two targets instead of one. One target channel is SOU 9A310M1–2 with an attached self-propelled launcher (SPU) 2P25, the second is a standard one, that is, a reconnaissance and guidance control station (SURN) 1S91 with SPU 2P25.

IN recent years At the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering and related organizations, a number of development works on further modernization of the anti-aircraft missile system as a whole and its individual elements were successfully completed.

Main directions of modernization:

increasing the number of simultaneously fired targets through the use of a phased antenna array (PAR);

improving noise immunity by adapting the phased array beam to the tactical and jamming environment.

increasing the efficiency of the radar by increasing the transmitter power and the sensitivity of the microwave receiver (new electronic devices);

the use of high-speed computers and modern digital signal processing.

The modernized SOU with phased array can be interfaced with the means of the BUK-M1-2 complex, as a result of which the number of targets simultaneously fired by it can be increased from 6 to 10-12.

Performance characteristics	"Buk-M1-2"
Damage zone by range, km	up to 45
Damage zone by height, km	up to 25
Damage zone by parameter, km	up to 25
Length, mm	5500
Case diameter, mm	400
Wingspan, mm	860
Launch weight of the 9M317 rocket, kg	710–720
Weight of warhead, kg	50–70
Expansion (collapse) time, min	5
Number of missiles on a combat vehicle	4

Since the late seventies, one of the main means of military air defense has been the Buk family of anti-aircraft missile systems. To date, several modifications of such equipment have been created and put into service, which are still in use today and will retain their place in the army in the near future.

SAM 9K37 "Buk"

The development of new anti-aircraft systems of the Buk family began in accordance with the resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of January 13, 1972. The resolution determined the organizations involved in the project and the basic requirements for it. According to the first technical specifications, the promising air defense system was supposed to replace the existing 2K12 “Cube” complex in the army. In addition, it was necessary to create a missile suitable for use both as part of the Buk complex and in the M-22 Uragan naval anti-aircraft system.

The promising anti-aircraft complex was intended to equip military air defense, which affected the requirements for it. The developers were required to mount all units of the complex on a self-propelled chassis and ensure the ability to work in the same battle formations with tanks and other armored vehicles. The complex was supposed to combat aerodynamic targets flying at speeds of up to 800 m/s at low and medium altitudes at ranges of up to 30 km. It was also necessary to ensure the ability to hit a target maneuvering with an overload of up to 10-12 units and using electronic countermeasures systems. In the future, it was planned to “teach” the complex to combat operational-tactical ballistic missiles.

Self-propelled firing system of the Buk-M1 complex

The Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (NIIP) was chosen as the lead developer of the 9K37 Buk air defense system. In addition, a number of other organizations were involved in the project, including the NPO Phazotron of the Ministry of Radio Industry and the Start Machine-Building Design Bureau. A.A. was appointed chief designer of the entire anti-aircraft complex. Rastov. The creation of the complex command post was led by G.N. Valaev, who was later replaced by V.I. Sokiran. The self-propelled firing system was developed under the leadership of V.V. Matyashev, and the head of work on the semi-active homing head was I.G. Akopyan. Employees of the Research Institute of Measuring Instruments, headed by A.P., were involved in the creation of the detection and target designation station. Vetoshko (later these works were supervised by Yu.P. Shchekotov).

It was planned to complete all work on the creation of the 9K37 complex by mid-1975. However, in the spring of 1974, it was decided to divide the work on the project into two independent areas. In accordance with the resolution of the Council of Ministers of May 22, 1974, the creation of a new air defense system should be continued in two stages. First, it was necessary to bring the new 3M38 missile and self-propelled firing system (SOU) to mass production. At the same time, the latter should have been able to use the existing 9M9M3 missiles of the Kub-M3 complex, and also be built using components of the existing system.

It was assumed that already in the fall of 1974, the 9K37-1 Buk-1 complex would go into testing, and the development of a “full-fledged” 9K37 air defense system, based on new components, would continue according to the previously established schedule. A similar approach to the creation of new anti-aircraft systems should have ensured the earliest possible start of production and deliveries new technology, capable of significantly increasing the combat potential of ground forces units.

The 9K37 complex included several main components. To monitor the air situation, it was proposed to use the detection and target designation station (SOTs) 9S18 “Dome”; to launch missiles, a self-propelled firing unit (SOU) 9A310 and a launch-loading unit (PZU) 9A39 should be used. The coordination of the complex’s actions was to be carried out by the 9S470 command post. The means of hitting targets was the 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile (SAM).

Launch-loading installation 9A39 of the Buk complex

SOC 9S18 "Dome" was a self-propelled vehicle on a tracked chassis, equipped with a three-dimensional coherent-pulse radar station designed to monitor the situation and provide target data to the command post. An electrically driven rotating antenna was installed on the roof of the base chassis. The maximum target detection range reached 115-120 km. In the case of low-flying targets, this parameter was seriously reduced. Thus, an aircraft flying at an altitude of 30 m could be detected only from 45 km. The SOC equipment had the ability to automatically adjust the operating frequency to maintain operability when the enemy uses active interference.

The main task of the Dome station was to search for targets and transmit data to the command post. With a review period of 4.5 s, 75 marks were transmitted. The 9S470 command post was made on the basis of a self-propelled chassis and equipped with all the necessary equipment for processing information and issuing target designations to launchers. The command post crew consisted of six people. For this purpose, the 9S470 machine was equipped with communication and data processing equipment. The equipment of the command post allowed the SOC to process messages about 46 targets at ranges of up to 100 km and altitudes of up to 20 km during one review period. The firing installations were provided with information about six targets.

The main means of attacking enemy aircraft was to be the 9A310 self-propelled firing system. This vehicle was a further development of the SOU 9A38 of the Buk-1 complex. A rotating launcher with four missile guides and a set of special electronic equipment was installed on a self-propelled tracked chassis. In front of the launcher there was a target tracking radar, which was also used for missile guidance.

To transport additional ammunition and load the self-propelled gun, the Buk air defense system included a 9A39 launcher-loader. This tracked vehicle is designed to transport eight missiles and reload the SOU 9A310 launcher. The missiles were transported on four fixed cradle and a special launcher. Depending on the existing situation, the crew of the vehicle could reload the missiles from the launcher to the launcher or launch them independently. At the same time, however, due to the lack of its own tracking radar, external target designation was required. A special crane was provided for reloading missiles.

The 9M38 rocket was made according to a single-stage design. It had a cylindrical body of great elongation with an ogival head fairing. In the middle part of the hull there were X-shaped wings of small aspect ratio, and in the tail there were rudders of a similar design. The missile, with a launch weight of 690 kg and a length of 5.5 m, was equipped with a semi-active radar homing head, a high-explosive fragmentation warhead and a dual-mode solid propellant engine. To avoid changes in alignment as the charge burns out, the engine was placed in the central part of the housing and equipped with a long nozzle-gas duct.

Diagram of the 9M38 missile defense system

The new 9K37 Buk anti-aircraft missile system made it possible to attack targets at ranges of up to 30 km and altitudes of up to 20 km. The reaction time was 22 s. It took about 5 minutes to get ready for work. A missile accelerating in flight to 850 m/s could hit a fighter-type target with a probability of up to 0.9. Hitting a helicopter with one missile was guaranteed with a probability of up to 0.6. The probability of destroying the cruise missile of the first missile defense system did not exceed 0.5.

Joint testing of the new air defense system began in November 1977 and continued until the spring of 1979. The testing site was the Emba training ground. During the tests, the combat operation of the complex was practiced in different conditions and for various conditional purposes. In particular, standard equipment (SOTs 9S18) or other similar stations were used to monitor the air situation. During the test launches, training targets were attacked using a warhead radio fuse. If the target was not hit, a second missile was launched.

During the tests, it was found that the new 9K37 air defense system has a number of important advantages over existing equipment. The composition of the radio-electronic equipment of the SOC and SOU ensured greater reliability of target detection due to simultaneous monitoring of the air situation. A complex with six 9A310 vehicles could simultaneously attack up to six targets. At the same time, the possibility of simultaneously performing several combat missions using the self-propelled firing systems’ own equipment was not excluded. The updated composition of the equipment of various elements of the complex, including the missile, provided greater noise immunity. Finally, the missile carried a larger warhead, which increased the likelihood of hitting a target.

Based on the results of tests and modifications, the 9K37 Buk air defense system was put into service in 1990. As part of the air defense of the ground forces, new complexes were used as part of anti-aircraft missile brigades. Each such formation included one brigade control center from the Polyana-D4 automated control system, as well as four divisions. The division had its own command post 9S470, a detection and target designation station 9S18 and three batteries with two SOU 9A310 and one ROM 9A39 in each. In addition, the brigades had communications, technical support and maintenance units.

SAM 9K37-1 "Buk-1"/"Kub-M4"

In connection with the need to quickly begin rearmament of air defense units of the ground forces, in 1974 it was decided to develop a simplified version of the 9K37 complex, built using existing components and assemblies. It was assumed that the new air defense systems, called 9K37-1 Buk-1, would be able to complement the existing Kub-M3 systems in the troops. Thus, each of the five batteries of the regiment was to contain a new 9A38 self-propelled firing system of the Buk-1 complex.

Start-charging installations

Calculations showed that the cost of one 9A38 vehicle would be about a third of the cost of all other battery assets, but in this case it would be possible to ensure a noticeable increase in combat capabilities. The number of target channels of the regiment could be increased from 5 to 10, and the number of ready-to-use missiles increased from 60 to 75. Thus, the modernization of air defense units with the help of new combat vehicles fully paid off.

In its architecture, the SOU 9A38 differed little from the 9A310. A rotating platform with a launcher and a 9S35 detection, tracking and illumination radar station was mounted on a tracked chassis. The 9A38 self-propelled gun launcher had interchangeable guides for the use of two types of missiles. Depending on the situation, combat mission and available resources, the complex could use the new 9M38 missiles or the 9M9M3 missiles available to the troops.

State tests of the 9K37-1 air defense system started in August 1975 and were carried out at the Emba training ground. The tests used the new SOU 9A38 and existing vehicles of other types. Target detection was carried out using the 1S91M3 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance unit of the Kub-M3 complex, and the missiles were launched from the 9A38 and 2P25M3 SOUs. All available types of missiles were used.

During the tests, it was found that the 9S35 radar of the 9A38 self-propelled firing system is capable of independently detecting air targets at distances of up to 65-70 km (at altitudes of at least 3 km). When the target was flying at an altitude of no more than 100 m, the maximum detection range was reduced to 35-40 km. At the same time, the actual target detection parameters depended on the limited capabilities of the Kub-M3 equipment. Combat characteristics, such as range or altitude to hit a target, depended on the type of missile used.

SOU of the Buk-M1 complex

The new 9K37-1 air defense system, consisting of the 9A38 self-propelled firing system and the 9M38 missile, was put into service in 1978. As part of its adoption into service, the Buk-1 complex received a new designation. Since the SOU and the missile were in fact only an addition to the existing means of the Kub-M3 complex, the complex using the 9A38 vehicle received the designation 2K12M4 Kub-M4. Thus, the 9K37-1 air defense system, being a simplified version of the Buk complex, was formally assigned to the previous Kub family, which at that time was the basis of the air defense systems of the ground forces.

SAM "Buk-M1"

On November 30, 1979, a new resolution of the Council of Ministers was issued, which required the development new option SAM "Buk". This time it was necessary to improve the combat characteristics of the complex, as well as increase the level of protection against interference and anti-radar missiles. By the beginning of 1982, the organizations involved in the development of the project completed the creation of updated elements of the complex, due to which it was planned to increase the main parameters of the system.

The Buk-M1 project proposed updating the on-board equipment of several vehicles, which would improve their performance. At the same time, the modernized complex did not differ significantly from the existing one. Thanks to this, various vehicles from the Buk and Buk-M1 air defense systems were interchangeable and could operate as part of one unit.

In the new project, all the main elements of the complex were improved. The Buk-M1 air defense system was supposed to use the modernized SOC 9S18M1 Kupol-M1 to detect targets. It was now proposed to mount a new radar station with a phased array antenna on the tracked chassis. In order to increase the degree of unification of air defense systems, it was decided to build the Kupol-M1 station on the basis of the GM-567M chassis, similar to that used as part of other elements of the complex.

Detection and target designation station 9S18M1 of the Buk-M1 complex

To process information received from the SOC, it was now proposed to use the updated 9S470M1 command post with a new set of equipment. The modernized command post ensured simultaneous reception of data from the complex's SOC and from the division's air defense control center. In addition, a training mode was provided that made it possible to train the calculations of all means of the complex.

The 9A310M1 self-propelled firing system of the Buk-M1 air defense system received an updated tracking and illumination radar. Due to the new equipment, it was possible to increase the target acquisition range by 25-30%. The probability of recognizing aerodynamic and ballistic targets was increased to 0.6. To increase noise immunity, the SOU had 72 letter backlight frequencies, i.e. twice as much as the base 9A310.

The introduced innovations affected the combat effectiveness of the complex. While maintaining the general parameters of the range and altitude of hitting targets, and also without using a new missile, the probability of hitting an enemy fighter with one missile defense system increased to 0.95. The probability of hitting a helicopter remained at the same level, and the same parameter for ballistic missiles increased to 0.6.

From February to December 1982, tests of the modernized 9K37 Buk-M1 air defense system were carried out at the Emba training ground. Checks showed a noticeable increase in the main characteristics in comparison with existing complexes, which made it possible to accept new system for service. The official adoption of the complex into service with the air defense forces of the ground forces took place in 1983. Serial production of the modernized equipment was carried out at enterprises that had previously participated in the construction of the Buk complexes of the first two models.

Command post 9S470 of the Buk-M1-2 complex

The new type of serial equipment was used in anti-aircraft brigades of the ground forces. Elements of the Buk-M1 complex were distributed over several batteries. Despite the modernization of individual assets of the complex, the standard organization of anti-aircraft units did not change. In addition, if necessary, the simultaneous use of vehicles of the Buk and Buk-M1 complexes in the same units was allowed.

The Buk-M1 air defense system became the first system of its family to be offered to foreign customers. The complex was supplied to foreign armies under the name “Ganges”. For example, in 1997, several complexes were transferred to Finland as part of the repayment of public debt.

SAM 9K317 "Buk-M2"

Back in the late eighties, the development of an updated air defense system of the Buk family with a new 9M317 missile, designated 9K317 Buk-M2, was completed. Due to the new guided munition, it was planned to significantly increase the range and altitude of hitting targets. In addition, the performance of the system should have been affected by the use of a number of new equipment installed on different machines of the complex.

Unfortunately, the economic situation in the country did not allow the new complex to be adopted in the late eighties or early nineties. The issue of updating the equipment of air defense units was eventually resolved through the “transitional” complex “Buk-M1-2”. At the same time, the development of the 9K317 system continued. Work on the updated Buk-M2 project and its export version Buk-M2E continued until the mid-2000s.

SOU of the Buk-M2 complex

The main innovation of the Buk-M2 project was the new 9M317 guided missile. The new missile defense system differed from the 9M38 in having shorter wings, a modified body design and a starting weight of about 720 kg. By changing the design and using a new engine, it was possible to increase the maximum firing range to 45 km. The maximum flight altitude of the attacked target increased to 25 km. To expand the combat capabilities of the hull, the missile received the ability to disable a remote fuse with detonation of the warhead at the command of a contact one. A similar operating mode is proposed for using the missile against ground or surface targets.

The 9K317 complex received an updated SOU type 9A317 based on the GM-569 tracked chassis. The general architecture of the firing installation remains the same, but the new vehicle is built on the basis of modern components and new equipment. As before, the SOU is capable of independently finding and tracking a target, launching a 9M317 missile and tracking its trajectory, making adjustments if necessary using a radio command system.

SOU 9A317 is equipped with a tracking and illumination radar station with a phased array antenna. The station is capable of tracking targets in a sector 90° wide in azimuth and from 0° to 70° in elevation. Ensures target detection at ranges up to 20 km. In tracking mode, the target can be within a sector 130° wide in azimuth and from -5° to +85° in elevation. The station simultaneously detects up to 10 targets and can provide simultaneous attacks on four.

To improve the characteristics of the complex and ensure operation in difficult conditions, the self-propelled firing system has an optical-electronic system with day and night channels.

Launch-loading installation of the Buk-M2 complex

The Buk-M2 complex can be equipped with two types of launch-loading installation. A self-propelled vehicle has been developed based on the GM-577 chassis and towed with a vehicle tractor. The general architecture remains the same: four missiles are located on a launcher and can be launched or loaded onto a launcher. Another four are transported on transport cradles.

The modernized complex included a new command post 9S510 based on the GM-579 chassis or on a towed semi-trailer. The command post automation can receive information from surveillance equipment and track up to 60 routes simultaneously. It is possible to issue target designation for 16-36 targets. The reaction time does not exceed 2 s.

The main means of target detection in the Buk-M2 air defense system is the SOC 9S18M1-3, which is a further development of the family’s systems. The new radar is equipped with a phased array antenna with electronic scanning and is capable of detecting air targets at ranges of up to 160 km. Operating modes are provided to ensure target detection when the enemy uses active and passive jamming.

It was proposed to introduce the so-called self-propelled/towed vehicles of the Buk-M2 complex. target illumination and missile guidance station. The new 9S36 vehicle is a tracked chassis or a towed semi-trailer with an antenna post on a retractable mast. Such equipment allows you to raise a phased array antenna to a height of up to 22 m and thereby improve the characteristics of the radar. Due to the relatively high altitude, target detection is ensured at ranges of up to 120 km. In terms of tracking and guidance characteristics, the 9S36 station corresponds to the radar of self-propelled fire vehicles. With its help, 10 targets are tracked and 4 are simultaneously fired.

All innovations and changes in the composition of the complex have significantly improved its characteristics. The maximum target interception range is stated at 50 km, the maximum altitude is 25 km. The greatest range is achieved when attacking non-maneuvering aircraft. Interception of operational-tactical ballistic missiles can be carried out at ranges of up to 20 km and altitudes of up to 16 km. It is also possible to destroy helicopters, cruise and anti-radar missiles. If necessary, the air defense missile system crew can attack surface or radio-contrast ground targets.

Target illumination and missile guidance radar 9S36 of the Buk-M2 complex. Antenna raised to working position

The first version of the 9K317 project was developed back in the late eighties, but the difficult economic situation did not allow the new air defense system to be put into service. Operation of this complex by the troops began only in 2008. By this time, the air defense system had undergone some modifications, which made it possible to further improve its characteristics.

SAM "Buk-M1-2"

Numerous economic and political problems did not allow the new 9K317 air defense system to be adopted and put into production. For this reason, in 1992, it was decided to develop a simplified “transitional” version of the complex, which would use some elements of the Buk-2, but would be simpler and cheaper. A similar version of the air defense system received the designations “Buk-M1-2” and “Ural.”

The modernized Ural air defense system includes several updated vehicles, which represent a further development of older types of equipment. To launch missiles and illuminate the target, the 9A310M1-2 SOU was proposed, working in conjunction with the 9A38M1 launch-loading machine. The SOC remained the same - the Buk-M1-2 complex was supposed to use the 9S18M1 station. The auxiliary means of the complex have not undergone major changes.

In order to increase the secrecy of operation and, as a result, survivability, as well as to expand the range of tasks to be solved, the self-propelled firing system received the ability to passively find a target. For this it was proposed to use a television-optical viewfinder and a laser rangefinder. Such equipment should have been used when attacking ground or surface targets.

The modernization of various elements of the complex and the creation of a new missile made it possible to significantly increase the size of the target firing zone. In addition, the probability of hitting an aerodynamic or ballistic target with one missile has increased. There is now a full-fledged possibility of using the SOU 9A310M1-2 as an independent air defense weapon, capable of finding and destroying air targets without outside help.

The Buk-M1-2 air defense system was put into service Russian army in 1998. Subsequently, several contracts were signed for the supply of similar equipment to domestic and foreign customers.

SAM "Buk-M2E"

In the second half of the 2000s, an export version of the Buk-M2 complex was presented under the designation 9K317E Buk-M2E. It is a modified version of the basic system, which has some differences in the composition of electronic and computing equipment. Due to some improvements, it was possible to improve some system indicators, primarily related to its operation.

SOU "Buk-M2E" on a wheeled chassis

The main differences between the export version of the complex and the basic one are the modernization of electronic equipment, carried out with the widespread use of modern digital computers. Due to its high performance, such equipment allows not only to perform combat missions, but also to work in training mode to prepare crews. Information about the operation of systems and the air situation is now displayed on LCD monitors.

Instead of the original teleoptical viewfinder, a tele-thermal imaging system was introduced into the surveillance equipment. It allows you to find and automatically track targets at any time of the day and in any weather conditions. Communications equipment, equipment for documenting the operation of the complex, and a number of other systems were also updated.

The self-propelled fire vehicle of the 9K317E complex can be built on a tracked or wheeled chassis. Several years ago, a version of such a combat vehicle based on the MZKT-6922 wheeled chassis was presented. Thanks to this, a potential customer can choose a chassis that fully meets his requirements for the mobility of the air defense system.

SAM "Buk-M3"

Several years ago, it was announced the creation of a new anti-aircraft missile system of the Buk family. The 9K37M3 "Buk-M3" air defense system should become further development families with enhanced characteristics and combat capabilities. According to some reports, it was proposed to fulfill the requirements by replacing the equipment of the Buk-M2 complex with new modern digital equipment.

Estimated appearance of the Buk-M3 missile launcher

According to available data, the Buk-M3 complex will receive a set of new equipment with improved characteristics. The combat qualities are planned to be improved through the use of a new missile in combination with a modified self-propelled firing system. Instead of an open launcher, the new self-propelled gun should receive lifting mechanisms with fastenings for transport and launch containers. The new 9M317M missile will be delivered in containers and launched from them. Among other things, such changes to the complex will increase the amount of ammunition available for use.

The available photo of the Buk-M3 system shows a vehicle based on a tracked chassis with a rotating platform on which two swinging packages with six missile containers on each are mounted. Thus, without radically reworking the design of the self-propelled gun, it was possible to double the ammunition capacity ready for firing.

The detailed characteristics of the Buk-M3 air defense system remain unknown. Domestic media, citing unnamed sources, reported that the new 9M317M missile will make it possible to attack targets at ranges of up to 75 km and hit them with one missile with a probability of at least 0.95-0.97. It was also reported that by the end of this year the Buk-M3 experimental complex must undergo the entire range of tests, after which it will be put into service. Serial production and deliveries of new equipment to the troops, therefore, can begin in 2016.

According to rumors, the domestic defense industry intends to continue the development of Buk anti-aircraft missile systems. The next air defense system of the family, according to some sources, may receive the designation “Buk-M4”. It is too early to talk about the characteristics of this system. To date, apparently, even general requirements to her.

Based on materials from sites:
http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/
http://pvo.guns.ru/
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Army self-propelled anti-aircraft missile system "Buk"(GRAU index - 9K37) is designed to destroy, under conditions of intense radio countermeasures, aerodynamic targets flying at speeds up to 830 m/s at low and medium altitudes (from 30 m to 14-18 km), at ranges up to 30 km, maneuvering from overloads up to 12 units.

The development of the Buk complex began in accordance with the Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated January 13, 1972; it provided for the use of cooperation between manufacturers and developers, the main structure corresponding to that previously involved in the creation of the Kub anti-aircraft missile system. At the same time, they determined the development of the M-22 (“Hurricane”) anti-aircraft missile system for the Navy using an anti-aircraft guided missile, integrated with the Buk air defense system.

The developer of the Buk complex as a whole was identified as NIIP (Research Institute of Instrument Engineering) NKO (research and design association) Phazotron (general director Grishin V.K.) MRP (formerly OKB-15 GKAT). Chief designer of the 9K37 complex - Rastov A.A., CP (command post) 9S470 - Valaev G.N. (then - Sokiran V.I.), SOU (self-propelled firing systems) 9A38 - Matyashev V.V., semi-active Doppler seeker 9E50 for anti-aircraft guided missiles - Akopyan I.G.
PZU (start-loading unit) 9A39 was created at the MKB (Machine-Building Design Bureau) "Start" MAP (formerly SKB-203 GKAT), headed by A.I. Yaskin.

The unified tracked chassis for the complex's vehicles was developed by OKB-40 MMZ (Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant) of the Ministry of Transport Engineering under the leadership of N.A. Astrov.

The development of 9M38 missiles was entrusted to SMKB (Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Design Bureau) "Novator" MAP (former OKB-8) headed by L.V. Lyulev, refusing to involve the design bureau of plant No. 134, which had previously developed a guided missile for the "Cube" complex.

SOC 9S18 (detection and target designation station) (“Dome”) was developed at the NIIIP (Scientific Research Institute of Measuring Instruments) of the Ministry of Radio Industry under the leadership of Vetoshko A.P. (later - Shchekotova Yu.P.). A set of technical tools was also developed for the complex. provision and maintenance on the automobile chassis. Completion of the development of the anti-aircraft missile system was planned for the second quarter of 1975.

To quickly strengthen the air defense of the main striking force of the Army - tank divisions - with increasing the combat capabilities of the "Cube" anti-aircraft missile regiments included in these divisions, by doubling the channel capacity for targets (and, if possible, ensuring complete autonomy of the channels during work from target detection to its destruction), it was prescribed to carry out the creation of the Buk air defense system in 2 stages:

— first stage provided for the introduction into the 2K12 “Kub-M3” complex of a 9A38 self-propelled firing system with 9M38 missiles in each battery. In this form, the 2K12M4 “Kub-M4” air defense system was adopted for service in 1978;

— second stage assumed the full adoption of the entire complex consisting of the 9S18 detection station, the 9S470 command post, the 9A310 self-propelled firing system, the 9A39 launcher-loader and the 9M38 missile defense system. Joint testing of the complex began at the Emba training ground in November 1977 and continued until March 1979, after which the complex was put into service in its entirety.

For the Buk-1 complex, it was planned to include a Kub-M3 regiment in each anti-aircraft missile battery (5 pieces), in addition to one SURN and 4 self-propelled launchers, to introduce a 9A38 self-propelled firing system from the Buk missile system. Thus, thanks to the use of a self-propelled firing system, the cost of which was about 30% of the cost of the rest of the battery, the number of combat-ready anti-aircraft guided missiles in the Kub-M3 regiment increased from 60 to 75, and target channels - from 5 to 10.

The 9A38 self-propelled firing system, mounted on the GM-569 chassis, seemed to combine the functions of the SURN and the self-propelled launcher used as part of the Kub-M3 complex. The self-propelled firing installation provided search in the established sector, detected and captured targets for automatic tracking, solved pre-launch tasks, launched and homing 3 missiles (3M9M3 or 9M38) located on it, as well as 3 3M9M3 guided missiles located on the 2P25M3 self-propelled launcher, coupled with her. The combat operation of the fire installation was carried out both autonomously and under control and target designation from the SURN.

The 9A38 self-propelled firing system consisted of:
— digital computing system;
- Radar 9S35;
— a starting device equipped with a power servo drive;
— television-optical viewfinder;
— ground-based radar interrogator operating in the “Password” identification system;
— telecode communication equipment with SURN;
— wire communication equipment with SPU;
— autonomous power supply systems (gas turbine generator);
— navigation, topographical reference and orientation equipment;
- life support systems.

The weight of the self-propelled firing system, including the weight of the combat crew consisting of four people, was 34 tons.

The progress that has been made in the creation of ultra-high-frequency devices, electromechanical and quartz filters, and digital computers has made it possible to combine the functions of target detection, illumination and target tracking stations in the 9S35 radar. The station operated in the centimeter wavelength range, it used a single antenna and two transmitters - continuous and pulsed radiation.

The first transmitter was used to detect and automatically track a target in a quasi-continuous mode of radiation or, in case of difficulties with unambiguous determination of range, in a pulse mode with pulse compression (linear frequency modulation is used). The continuous radiation transmitter was used to illuminate targets and anti-aircraft guided missiles. The station's antenna system carried out a sector search using the electromechanical method, target tracking in range and angular coordinates was carried out using the monopulse method, and signal processing was carried out by a digital computer.

The width of the antenna pattern of the target tracking channel in azimuth was 1.3 degrees and in elevation - 2.5 degrees, the illumination channel - in azimuth - 1.4 degrees and in elevation - 2.65 degrees. The search sector review time (in elevation - 6-7 degrees, in azimuth - 120 degrees) in autonomous mode - 4 seconds, in control mode (in elevation - 7 degrees, in azimuth - 10 degrees) - 2 seconds.

The average transmitter power of the target detection and tracking channel was: in the case of using quasi-continuous signals - at least 1 kW, in the case of using signals with linear frequency modulation - at least 0.5 kW. The average power of the target illumination transmitter is at least 2 kW. The noise figure of the station's direction-finding and surveillance receivers is no more than 10 dB. The transition time of the radar station between standby and combat modes was less than 20 seconds.

The station could unambiguously determine the speed of targets with an accuracy of -20 to +10 m/s; ensure selection of moving targets. The maximum range error is 175 meters, the root-mean-square error in measuring angular coordinates is 0.5 d.u. The radar station was protected from passive, active and combined interference. The equipment of the self-propelled firing system was used to block the launch of an anti-aircraft guided missile when accompanied by a helicopter or aircraft.

The 9A38 self-propelled firing system was equipped with a launcher with replaceable guides, designed for 3 3M9M3 guided missiles or 3 9M38 guided missiles.

The 9M38 anti-aircraft missile used a dual-mode solid propellant engine(total operating time was about 15 seconds). The use of a ramjet engine was abandoned not only due to the high resistance in passive sections of the trajectory and instability of operation at a high angle of attack, but also because of the complexity of its development, which largely determined the delay in the creation of the Kub air defense system. The power structure of the engine chamber was made of metal.

The general design of an anti-aircraft missile is X-shaped, normal, with a low aspect ratio wing. Appearance The missiles resembled American-made naval anti-aircraft missiles of the Standard and Tartar families. This corresponded to strict restrictions on overall dimensions when using 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles in the M-22 complex, which was developed for the USSR Navy.

The rocket was carried out according to the normal design and had a low aspect ratio wing. In the front part, a semi-active hydrodynamic pump, autopilot equipment, power supply and warhead are sequentially located. To reduce the spread of alignment over flight time, the combustion chamber of the solid propellant rocket engine was placed closer to the middle, and the nozzle block was equipped with an elongated gas duct, around which the steering drive elements are located. The rocket has no parts that separate during flight. The diameter of the 9M38 rocket is 400 mm, length - 5.5 m, rudder span - 860 mm.

The diameter of the front compartment (330 mm) of the rocket was smaller in relation to the tail compartment and engine, which is determined by the continuity of some elements with the 3M9 family. The missile was equipped with a new homing head with a combined control system. The complex implemented homing of an anti-aircraft guided missile using the proportional navigation method.

The 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile ensured the destruction of targets at altitudes from 25 m to 20 km at a range of 3.5 to 32 km. The rocket's flight speed was 1000 m/s and maneuvered with overloads of up to 19 units. The weight of the rocket is 685 kg, including a 70 kg warhead.

The design of the missile ensured its delivery to the troops in a fully equipped form in the 9YA266 transport container, as well as operation without routine maintenance and inspections for 10 years.

From August 1975 to October 1976, the Buk-1 anti-aircraft missile system consisting of SURN 1S91M3, self-propelled firing system 9A38, self-propelled launchers 2P25M3, anti-aircraft guided missiles 9M38 and 3M9M3, as well as MTO (vehicles maintenance) 9B881 passed state tests at the Embensky training ground.

As a result of the tests, the detection range of aircraft by a radar station of a self-propelled firing system operating in autonomous mode at altitudes of more than 3 thousand m was obtained - from 65 to 77 km; at low altitudes (from 30 to 100 meters) the detection range decreased to 32-41 km. Detection of helicopters at low altitudes occurred at a range of 21-35 km.

When operating in a centralized mode, due to the limited capabilities of the SURN 1S91M2 issuing target designation, the detection range of aircraft at altitudes of 3-7 km was reduced to 44 km and targets at low altitudes - to 21-28 km. In autonomous mode, the operating time of a self-propelled firing system (from the moment of target detection to the launch of a guided missile) was 24-27 seconds. The loading/discharging time for three 9M38 or 3M9M3 anti-aircraft guided missiles was 9 minutes.

When firing a 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile, the destruction of an aircraft flying at altitudes of more than 3 thousand m was ensured at a range of 3.4-20.5 km, at an altitude of 30 m - 5-15.4 km. The affected area in height is from 30 meters to 14 kilometers, in terms of the heading parameter - 18 km. The probability of hitting an aircraft with one 9M38 guided missile is 0.70-0.93.

The complex was put into service in 1978. Since the 9A38 self-propelled firing system and the 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile were means complementary to the Kub-M3 anti-aircraft missile system, the complex was given the name “Kub-M4” (2K12M4). The Kub-M4 complexes, which appeared in the air defense forces of the Ground Forces, made it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of the air defense of the tank divisions of the SV SA.

The combat assets of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system had the following characteristics.

Command post 9S470 installed on the GM-579 chassis provided:
— receiving, displaying and processing target data coming from the 9S18 station (detection and target designation station) and 6 9A310 self-propelled firing systems, as well as from higher command posts;

— selection of dangerous targets and their distribution between self-propelled firing systems in automatic and manual modes, assignment of sectors of their responsibility;

— display of information about the presence of anti-aircraft guided missiles on firing and launch-loading installations, about the letters of the illumination transmitters for firing installations, about work on targets, about the operating mode of the detection and target designation station;

— organizing the operation of the complex in the event of interference and the use of anti-radar missiles;

— documentation of training and work of calculation of CP.

The command post processed messages about 46 targets located at altitudes up to 20 km in a zone with a radius of 100 km per station review cycle and issued up to 6 target designations for self-propelled firing systems (accuracy in elevation and azimuth - 1 degree, in range - 400-700 meters ). The weight of the command post, including a combat crew of 6 people, is no more than 28 tons.

Coherent-pulse three-coordinate detection and target designation station “Dome” (9С18) centimeter range having electronic scanning of the beam according to the elevation angle in a sector (set to 30 or 40 degrees) with mechanical (in a given sector or circular) rotation of the antenna in azimuth (using a hydraulic drive or an electric drive). The “Dome” station was intended to detect and identify air targets at a range of up to 110-120 kilometers (at an altitude of 30 meters - 45 kilometers) and transmit information about the air situation to the 9S470 command post.

Depending on the presence of interference and the established sector in elevation, the speed of viewing the space during a circular view was 4.5 - 18 seconds and when viewing in a 30-degree sector 2.5 - 4.5 seconds. Radar information was transmitted to the 9S470 command post via a telecode line in the amount of 75 marks during the review period (4.5 seconds). Root mean square errors in measuring target coordinates: in elevation and azimuth - no more than 20′, in range - no more than 130 m, resolution in elevation and azimuth - 4 degrees, in range - no more than 300 m.

All station equipment was placed on a modified self-propelled chassis of the SU-100P family. The tracked base of the detection and target designation station differed from the chassis of other means of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system, since the Kupol radar station was initially intended to be developed outside the anti-aircraft complex - as a means of detecting the divisional air defense unit of the Ground Forces.

The time it took to transfer the Kupol station between traveling and combat positions was up to 5 minutes, and from duty to operating mode - about 20 seconds. The weight of the station (including a crew of 3 people) is up to 28.5 tons.

According to its structure and purpose self-propelled firing system 9A310 It differed from the 9A38 self-propelled firing system of the Kub-M4 (Buk-1) anti-aircraft missile system in that it communicated using a telecode line not with SURN 1S91M3 and self-propelled launcher 2P25M3, but with the command post 9S470 and PZU 9A39. Also, on the launcher of the 9A310 installation there were not three, but four 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles. The time it took to transfer the installation from traveling to combat position was less than 5 minutes. The time to transfer from standby mode to operating mode, in particular, after changing position with the equipment turned on, was up to 20 seconds.

Loading the 9A310 firing system with four anti-aircraft guided missiles from the launch-loading installation took 12 minutes, and from a transport vehicle - 16 minutes. The mass of the self-propelled firing system, including a combat crew of 4 people, was 32.4 tons. The length of the self-propelled firing system is 9.3 m, width - 3.25 m (in working position - 9.03 m), height - 3.8 m (in working position - 7.72 m).

Launch-loading installation 9A39 installed on the GM-577 chassis was intended for transporting and storing 8 anti-aircraft guided missiles (on the launcher - 4, on fixed mounts - 4), launching 4 guided missiles, self-loading its launcher with four missiles from the cradle, self-loading the 8th missile defense system from a transport vehicle (charging time 26 minutes), from ground cradles and transport containers, discharge and on the launcher of a self-propelled firing system with 4 anti-aircraft guided missiles.

Thus, the launch-loading installation of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system combined the functions of the TZM and the self-propelled launcher of the Kub complex. The launch-loading installation consisted of a starting device with a servo power drive, a crane, supports, a digital computer, equipment for topographical referencing, navigation, telecode communication, orientation, power supply and energy supply units. The mass of the installation, including a combat crew of 3 people, is 35.5 tons. Dimensions of the launch-loading installation: length - 9.96 m, width - 3.316 m, height - 3.8 m.

The complex's command post received data on the air situation from the command post of the Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade (Polyana-D4 automated control system) and from the detection and target designation station, processed it and issued instructions to self-propelled firing units that carried out search and capture for automatic tracking goals. When the target entered the affected area, anti-aircraft guided missiles were launched.

For missile guidance, the proportional navigation method was used, which ensured high guidance accuracy. When approaching the target, the homing head issued a command to the radio fuse for close arming. When approaching a distance of 17 meters, upon command, the warhead was detonated. If the radio fuse failed to operate, the anti-aircraft guided missile self-destructed. If the target was not hit, a second missile was launched at it.

Compared to the Kub-M3 and Kub-M4 anti-aircraft missile systems The Buk air defense system had higher operational and combat characteristics and provided:
— simultaneous shelling of up to 6 targets by a division, and, if necessary, execution of up to 6 independent combat missions in the case of autonomous use of self-propelled firing systems;
— greater detection reliability thanks to the organization of a joint survey of the space by 6 self-propelled firing systems and a detection and target designation station;
— increased noise immunity due to the use of a special type of illumination signal and an on-board computer for the homing head;
- greater efficiency in hitting targets due to the increased power of the warhead of the anti-aircraft guided missile.

Based on the results of tests and modeling, it was determined that the Buk anti-aircraft missile system can fire at non-maneuvering targets flying at altitudes from 25 meters to 18 km at speeds up to 800 m/s, at ranges from 3–25 km (at speeds up to 300 m /s - up to 30 km) with a heading parameter of up to 18 km with the probability of being hit by one guided missile - 0.7-0.8. When firing at maneuvering targets (overload up to 8 units), the probability of defeat was 0.6.

The Buk complex was adopted by the ground forces' air defense forces in 1980. Serial production of combat weapons of the Buk complex was mastered in the cooperation involved in the Kub-M4 air defense system. New equipment - KP 9S470, self-propelled firing systems 9A310 and detection and target designation stations 9S18 - were produced by the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant MRP, launch-loading installations 9A39 - at the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Plant named after. Kalinina.

MODERNIZATION OF THE BUK ADAM

In accordance with the Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers dated November 30, 1979, the Buk anti-aircraft missile system was modernized to increase its combat capabilities and the protection of the complex's radio-electronic equipment from anti-radar missiles and interference.

As a result of tests that were carried out in February-December 1982 at the Embensky test site, it was found that modernized Buk-M1 compared to the Buk anti-aircraft missile system, it provides a larger engagement area for aircraft, can shoot down an ALCM cruise missile with a probability of being hit by one guided missile of more than 0.4, Hugh-Cobra helicopters - 0.6-0.7, hovering helicopters - 0.3-0.4 at ranges from 3.5 to 10 km.

The self-propelled firing system uses 72 letter illumination frequencies instead of 36, which helps to increase protection from intentional and mutual interference. Recognition of 3 classes of targets is provided - ballistic missiles, airplanes, helicopters.

Compared to the 9S470 command post, the 9S470M1 KP provides simultaneous reception of data from its own detection and target designation station and about 6 targets from the air defense control post of a tank (motorized rifle) division or from the army air defense command post, as well as comprehensive training for crews of anti-aircraft missile systems.

Compared to the 9A310 self-propelled firing system, the 9A310M1 installation provides target detection and acquisition for automatic tracking at long ranges (approximately 25-30%), as well as recognition of ballistic missiles, helicopters and aircraft with a probability of more than 0.6.

The complex uses a more advanced detection and target designation station “Kupol-M1” (9S18M1), which has a flat elevation phased antenna array and a GM-567M self-propelled tracked chassis. The same type of tracked chassis is used at the command post, self-propelled firing installation and launch-loading installation.

The Buk-M1 complex provides for effective technical and organizational measures for protection against anti-radar missiles. The combat assets of the Buk-M1 air defense system are interchangeable with similar assets of the Buk complex without modifications. The standard organization of technical units and combat formations is similar to that of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system.

The Buk-M1 complex was adopted by the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces in 1983. and its serial production was established in cooperation between industrial enterprises that produced the Buk anti-aircraft missile system. In the same year, the Navy's M-22 Uragan anti-aircraft missile system, unified with the Buk complex for 9M38 guided missiles, also entered service. Complexes of the Buk family called “Gang” were proposed to be supplied abroad.

During the Defense 92 exercise, the Buk family of anti-aircraft missile systems successfully fired at targets based on the R-17 and Zvezda ballistic missiles and the Smerch MLRS missile.

Cooperation of enterprises led by Tikhonravov Research Institute in 1994-1997, work was carried out on the Buk-M1-2 anti-aircraft missile system. Thanks to the use of the new 9M317 missile and the modernization of other air defense systems, for the first time it was possible to destroy Lance tactical ballistic missiles and aircraft missiles at a range of up to 20 km, elements of precision weapons and surface ships at a range of up to 25 km and ground targets (large command posts, launch sites installations, aircraft at airfields) at a distance of up to 15 km.

The effectiveness of destroying cruise missiles, helicopters and aircraft has increased. The boundaries of the affected zones in range increased to 45 km and in height - up to 25 km. The new missile provides for the use of an inertial-corrected control system with a radar semi-active homing head with guidance using the proportional navigation method. The rocket has a launch mass of 710-720 kg with a warhead mass of 50-70 kg. Externally, the new 9M317 missile differed from the 9M38 in its shorter wing chord length.

In addition to the use of an improved missile, it was planned to introduce a new means into the air defense system - a radar station for illuminating targets and guiding missiles with the installation of an antenna at a height of up to 22 meters in the working position (a telescopic device was used). With the introduction of this radar station, the combat capabilities of the air defense system to destroy low-flying targets, such as modern cruise missiles, are significantly expanded.

The Buk-M1-2 complex includes a command post and two types of firing sections:
— four sections, including one modernized self-propelled firing installation each, carrying four guided missiles and capable of firing four targets simultaneously, and a launcher-loading installation with 8 guided missiles;
— two sections, including one illumination and guidance radar station, capable of also providing simultaneous fire at four targets, and two launch-loading installations (each with eight guided missiles).

Two versions of the complex were developed - mobile on GM-569 tracked vehicles (used in previous modifications of the Buk air defense system), as well as transported by KrAZ vehicles and on road trains with semi-trailers. In the latter option, the cost was reduced, but maneuverability deteriorated and the deployment time of the anti-aircraft missile system from the march increased from 5 minutes to 10-15 minutes.

In particular, the Start MKB, during the modernization of the Buk-M air defense system (Buk-M1-2, Buk-M2 complexes), developed the 9A316 launcher-loader and the 9P619 launcher on a tracked chassis, as well as PU 9A318 on a wheeled chassis.

The process of development of the Kub and Buk families of anti-aircraft missile systems as a whole is an excellent example of the evolutionary development of military equipment and weapons, ensuring a continuous increase in the air defense capabilities of the ground forces at relatively low costs. This path of development, unfortunately, creates the preconditions for a gradual technical lag.

For example, even in promising versions of the Buk air defense system, the more reliable and safe scheme for continuous operation of missile defense systems in a transport and launch container, and all-angle vertical launch of guided missiles, introduced in other second-generation air defense missile systems, have not been used. But, despite this, in difficult socio-economic conditions, the evolutionary path of development must be considered as the only possible one, and the choice made by the developers of the Buk and Kub family complexes as the correct one.

Main characteristics of the BUK type air defense system:
Name – “Buk” / “Buk-M1”;
Damage zone in range - from 3.5 to 25-30 km / from 3 to 32-35 km;
Damage zone in height – from 0.025 to 18-20 km / from 0.015 to 20-22 km;
Damage zone by parameter – up to 18 / up to 22;
The probability of hitting a fighter with one guided missile is 0.8..0.9 / 0.8..0.95;
The probability of hitting a helicopter with one guided missile is 0.3..0.6 / 0.3..0.6;
Probability of hitting a cruise missile – 0.25..0.5 / 0.4..0.6;
The maximum speed of targets hit is 800 m/s;
Reaction time - 22 seconds;
Anti-aircraft guided missile flight speed - 850 m/s;
Rocket mass – 685 kg;
Warhead weight - 70 kg;
Target channel – 2;
SAM channel (per target) – up to 3;
Expansion/collapse time – 5 minutes;
The number of anti-aircraft guided missiles on a combat vehicle is 4;
Year of adoption: 1980/1983.

/Alex Varlamik, based on materials en.wikipedia.org And topwar.ru /

Cooperation of enterprises led by "NIIP named after V.V. Tikhonravov" in 1994-1997. Work was carried out to create a modernized Buk-M1-2 complex based on the 9K37 Buk air defense system. At the same time, the complex turned into a universal fire weapon.

Through the use of the new 9M317 missile and the modernization of other means of the complex, for the first time it is possible to destroy tactical ballistic missiles of the "Lance" type, aircraft missiles at ranges of up to 20 km, elements of precision weapons, surface ships at ranges of up to 25 km and ground targets (aircraft at airfields, launch installations, large command posts) at ranges up to 15 km. The effectiveness of defeating aircraft, helicopters and cruise missiles has been increased. The boundaries of the affected zones have been increased to 45 km in range and up to 25 km in altitude.

The uniqueness of the Buk complex and all its modifications lies in the fact that, with a significant size of the affected area in terms of range, height and parameters, the combat mission can be carried out by the autonomous use of only one ground-based fire weapon - a self-propelled firing system. This quality makes it possible to ensure surprise in the firing of air targets from ambushes, and autonomous operational change of combat position, which significantly increases the survivability of the installation.

Currently, the developers are proposing a new version of the family, designated Buk-M2.

Compound

The Buk-M1-2 complex differs from its predecessor the Buk-M1 air defense system primarily in the use of the new 9M317 missile (see photo). In addition to the use of an improved missile, it is planned to introduce a new tool into the complex - a radar for target illumination and missile guidance with the antenna placed in the working position at a height of up to 22 m using a telescopic device (see photo).

With the introduction of target illumination and guidance radars, the complex's combat capabilities to engage low-flying targets, in particular modern cruise missiles, are significantly expanded.

Composition of the complex:

command post 9S470M1-2 (see photo , , , , )
six self-propelled firing systems 9A310M1-2 (see photo)
three launch-loading installations 9A39M1 (see photo)
target detection station 9S18M1 (see photo)
maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881M1-2 with spare parts trailer 9T456
maintenance workshop (MTO) AGZ-M1
repair and maintenance machines (MRTO):
- MRTO-1 9V883M1
- MRTO-2 9V884M1
- MRTO-3 9V894M1
transport vehicle 9T243 with a set of technological equipment (KTO) 9T3184
automated control and testing mobile station (AKIPS) 9V95M1
missile repair machine (workshop) 9T458
unified compressor station UKS-400V
mobile power station PES-100-T/400-AKR1 (see photo).

The complex is offered in two versions - mobile on tracked vehicles of the GM-569 family, similar to those used in previous modifications of the Buk complex, and also transported on road trains with semi-trailers and KrAZ vehicles. In the latter option, with a slight reduction in cost, the maneuverability indicators deteriorate and the deployment time of the air defense system from the march increases from 5 to 10-15 minutes.

The 9A310M1-2 self-propelled firing system includes:

radar station (radar)
launcher with four missiles
digital computing system,
television-optical viewer,
laser rangefinder,
navigation and communication equipment,
radio interrogator "friend or foe",
built-in trainer,
documentation equipment.

The 9A310M1-2 SOU can be equipped with both the standard 9M38M1 missile and the newly developed 9M317 missile.

The 9M317 anti-aircraft guided missile was developed as a single anti-aircraft missile for the air defense of ground forces and the air defense of naval ships (SAM "Ezh"). It hits tactical ballistic missiles, strategic and tactical aircraft, including those maneuvering with an overload of up to 12 units, cruise missiles, fire support helicopters (including those hovering at low altitudes), remotely piloted aircraft, anti-ship missiles in intense conditions. radio countermeasures, as well as radio-contrast surface and ground targets.

The 9M317 missile, compared to the 9M38M1, has an expanded destruction zone of up to 45 km in range and up to 25 km in height and parameters, as well as a larger range of targets to be hit.

Externally it differs from the 9M38M1 by a significantly shorter wing chord length; it provides for the use of an inertial-corrected control system with a semi-active radar seeker 9B-1103M with guidance using the proportional navigation method.

The high efficiency, versatility and possibility of using the 9M317 missile defense system have been confirmed during military exercises and firing.

The secrecy of the operation of the SDA has been improved due to the introduction of a laser rangefinder, which, paired with a television-optical sight, provides passive direction finding of ground (NGTs) and surface (NVTS) targets. The modified software of the digital computer system provides optimal angles of missile flight to the target, at which the influence of the underlying surface on the missile homing head is minimized. To increase the effectiveness of the missile warhead when working against surface (ground) targets, the radio fuse is turned off and a contact fuse is connected. To improve the noise immunity of the complex, a new mode has been introduced - “coordinate support”. In this mode, range coordinates from other means of the complex are used to fire at the active jammer. Thus, compared to the previously used “Triangulation” mode, in which two SDA were involved, the number of firing channels for the active jammer doubles.

SOU 9A310M1-2 can be interfaced with the means of the "Cube" complex. Moreover, the “Cube” complex can simultaneously fire at two targets instead of one. One target channel is the SOU 9A310M1-2 with an attached self-propelled launcher (SPU) 2P25, the second is a standard channel, that is, a reconnaissance and guidance control station (SURN) 1S91 with a SPU 2P25.

In recent years, the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering and related organizations have successfully completed a number of development work on further modernization of the anti-aircraft missile system as a whole and its individual elements.

Main directions of modernization:

increasing the number of simultaneously fired targets through the use of a phased antenna array (PAR);
improving noise immunity by adapting the phased array beam to the tactical and jamming environment.
increasing the efficiency of the radar by increasing the transmitter power and the sensitivity of the microwave receiver (new electronic devices);
the use of high-speed computers and modern digital signal processing.

A modernized self-propelled gun with phased array can be interfaced with the BUK-M1-2 complex, as a result of which the number of targets simultaneously fired by it can be increased from 6 to 10 - 12.

The Research Institute of Instrument Engineering was appointed its main developer, and the 9A39 launch-loading installations were created at the Start Machine-Building Design Bureau. Unified tracked chassis for the complex's combat vehicles were developed at OKB-40 of the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant, while the design of 9M38 missiles was entrusted to the Sverdlovsk machine-building design bureau "Novator". The 9S18 “Dome” detection and target designation station was developed at the Research Institute of Measuring Instruments. In the West, the complex received the designation SA-11 Gadfly (“Bumblebee”).

The Buk air defense system included:

— Anti-aircraft missile SAM 9M38 It was equipped with a dual-mode solid propellant engine (total operating time - 15 seconds), and in the front part a semi-active homing head, autopilot equipment, power supplies and a high-explosive fragmentation warhead were sequentially placed.

— Command post 9S470 Its function is to receive and process information about targets coming from the 9S18 detection station and six self-propelled firing systems, select targets and distribute them between installations. The command post processed messages about 46 targets at an altitude of up to 20 km in a zone with a radius of 100 km.

— Detection and target designation station 9S18 “Dome” A three-coordinate coherent-pulse station in the centimeter range with electronic scanning of the beam in the sector and mechanical rotation of the antenna was intended for detecting and identifying air targets at ranges of up to 120 km and transmitting information to the command post.

— Self-propelled firing system 9A310 The time for transferring the installation from the traveling position to the combat position was no more than 5 minutes, and the time for transferring from standby mode to working mode was no more than 20 seconds; charging the installation with four missiles took no more than 12 minutes. The length of the 9A310 is 9.3 m, the width is 3.25 m (9.03 m in working position), and the height is 3.8 m (7.72 m, respectively).

— Launch-loading installation 9A39 It was intended for transporting and storing eight missiles (4 each on the launcher and on fixed cradle), launching four missiles, self-loading its launcher with four missiles from the cradle and self-loading eight missiles from a transport vehicle (in 26 minutes). The launch-loading installation, in addition to the starting device, crane and cradle, included: a digital computer, navigation equipment, topographical reference and orientation, a communication system, energy supply and power supply units. The length of the launcher-loading installation is 9.96 m, width - 3.316 m, height - 3.8 m.

Joint tests of the Buk complex were carried out from November 1977 to March 1979 at the Emba training ground in Kazakhstan. “Buk” surpassed all similar systems that preceded it (Kub-M3 and Kub-M4 air defense systems), demonstrating higher combat and operational characteristics.

The installation ensured simultaneous fire by the division on up to six targets, and, if necessary, the execution of up to six independent combat missions with the autonomous use of self-propelled fire systems. The Buk was distinguished by greater reliability of target detection due to the organization of a joint survey of the space by a detection station and six self-propelled firing systems.

Based on the results of fire tests, it was determined that the Buk air defense system provides fire at non-maneuvering targets flying at speeds of up to 800 m/s at altitudes from 25 m to 18 km, at ranges from 3 to 25 km (up to 30 km at target speeds of up to 300 m/s) and with a probability of damage equal to 0.7−0.8. When firing at targets maneuvering with overloads of up to 8 units, the probability of defeat was reduced to 0.6. As a result, the Buk complex was adopted by the air defense forces in 1980.

"Buk-M1"

In accordance with the Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated November 30, 1979, the Buk air defense system was modernized to increase its combat capabilities, the protection of radio-electronic equipment from interference and anti-radar missiles. The combat assets of the Buk-M1 complex were interchangeable with the Buk air defense system without modifications; the standard organization of combat formations and technical units was also similar to the Buk complex.

The 9A310M1 self-propelled firing system, compared to the 9A310 installation, ensured detection and acquisition of targets for tracking at long ranges (25-30%), as well as recognition of aircraft, ballistic missiles and helicopters with a probability of at least 0.6.

The 9S470M1 command post, compared to the 9S470 command post of the Buk complex, provided simultaneous reception of information from its own detection and target designation station and about six targets from the control post.

The complex used a more advanced detection and target designation station 9S18M1 (“Kupol-M1”), which had a self-propelled tracked chassis GM-567M, the same type as a command post, a self-propelled firing system and a launch-loading installation.

"Buk-M1−2"

Cooperation of enterprises led by NIIP named after V.V. Tikhomirov in 1994-1997, work was carried out to create a modernized Buk-M1-2 complex. As a result, it turned into a universal fire weapon: through the use of the new 9M317 missile and the modernization of other weapons, for the first time it was possible to destroy tactical combat missiles, aircraft missiles at ranges of up to 20 km, elements of precision weapons, ships at ranges of up to 25 km and ground targets ( aircraft at airfields, launchers, large command posts) at ranges up to 15 km. The effectiveness of destruction was also increased, the boundaries of the affected zones were increased to 45 km in range and up to 25 km in altitude.

The Buk-M1−2 complex differs from its predecessor in the use of the new 9M317 missile. In addition, it is planned to introduce a new tool into the complex - radar illumination of targets and missile guidance with the antenna placed in the working position at a height of up to 22 meters using a telescopic device. Thanks to this, the combat capabilities of the complex to destroy low-flying targets, in particular, modern cruise missiles, have significantly expanded.

The complex is offered in two versions - mobile on tracked vehicles of the GM-569 family, similar to those used in previous modifications of the Buk complex, and also transported by KrAZ vehicles with semi-trailers. In the automotive version, with a slight reduction in cost, cross-country ability worsens and the deployment time of the anti-aircraft missile system increases from 5 to 15 minutes.

The 9A310M1−2 self-propelled firing system includes:— radar station (radar) — launcher with four missiles — digital computer system — television-optical sight — laser rangefinder — navigation and communications equipment — radio direction finder

"Buk-M2"

The multifunctional highly mobile medium-range anti-aircraft missile system 9K317 "Buk-M2" is designed to destroy tactical and strategic aircraft, cruise missiles, helicopters and other aircraft in their entire range practical application in conditions of intense enemy electronic and fire countermeasures, as well as to combat tactical ballistic, aircraft missiles and other elements of high-precision weapons, destroy surface targets and fire at ground targets. The Buk-M2 air defense system can be used for air defense of troops, in various forms military operations, administrative and industrial facilities and territories of the country.

The Buk-M2 was intended to replace the Kub and Buk anti-aircraft systems of previous generations and was supposed to enter service in the early 1990s, but this did not happen due to the collapse of the USSR and the difficult economic situation. Work to improve the complex continued in 2008, and the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant began mass production of a modern version of the 9K317 Buk-M2 complex, which began to enter service with the troops. In parallel, taking into account the requirements of foreign customers, an export version of the Buk-M2E, the Ural, was developed. Currently, the Buk air defense system is in service with Belarus, Azerbaijan, Venezuela, Georgia, Egypt, Cyprus, Serbia, Syria, Ukraine, and Finland.

Composition of the 9K317 Buk-M2 complex:- combat equipment - 9M317 anti-aircraft guided missiles - 9A317 and 9A318 self-propelled firing systems (towed) - 9A316 and 9A320 launchers - controls - 9S510 command post - 9S18M1-3 target detection radar - 9S36 missile illumination and guidance radar

The 9A317 self-propelled firing system is built on a GM-569 tracked chassis. During the combat operation of a self-propelled firing system, it detects, identifies, automatically tracks and recognizes the type of target, develops a flight mission, solves the launch problem, launches a missile, illuminates the target and transmits radio correction commands to the missile. The installation is capable of firing at targets both as part of an anti-aircraft missile system with target designation from a command post, and autonomously in a predetermined sector of responsibility. The complex can be transported without restrictions on speed and distance by rail, air and water transport.

"Buk-M3"

Currently, work is actively underway to create new military air defense systems, including the promising Buk-M3 air defense system. It is expected that the new complex will have 36 target channels and will be capable of hitting air targets flying at speeds of up to 3 km/s at a distance of up to 70 km and an altitude of up to 35 km, which will allow attacking highly maneuverable targets in conditions of strong radio countermeasures, hitting all existing aerodynamic targets, ground and surface targets, operational-tactical missiles. The modernized self-propelled firing system will receive a modified seven-wheel tracked chassis and 6 missiles in transport and launch containers.

The uniqueness of the Buk complex and all its modifications is that, with a significant size of the affected area in terms of range, height and parameters, the combat mission can be carried out autonomously using only one ground-based fire weapon - a self-propelled firing system. This quality makes it possible to ensure surprise in the firing of air targets from ambushes and autonomous operational change of combat position, which significantly increases the survivability of the installation.