Geography Aristotle goal. Aristotle interesting facts from the biography

Aristotle was born in Greece on the island of Euboea, in 384 BC. e. His father was engaged in medicine, and he instilled in his son a passion for the study of science. At the age of 17, Aristotle became a student of Plato's Academy, after a few years he began to teach himself and joined the community of Platonist philosophers.

After the death of Plato in 347 BC. e. Aristotle left the academy, having worked in it for 20 years, and settled in the city of Atarney, where Plato - Hermias ruled. After some time, Tsar Philip II invited him to be a teacher for his son Alexander. Aristotle was to the royal house and taught little Alexander the basics of ethics and politics, talked with him on the topics of medicine, philosophy and literature.

School in Athens

In 335 BC. Aristotle returned to Athens, and his former student ascended the throne. In Athens, the scientist founded his school of philosophy near the temple of Apollo of Lyceum, which became known as "Lykeum". Aristotle lectured in the open air, walking along the paths of the garden, the students listened attentively to their teacher. So another name was added - "Peripatos", which is translated from Greek as "walk". The school of Aristotle began to be called Peripatetic, and the students - Peripatetics. In addition to philosophy, the scientist taught history, astronomy, physics and geography.

In 323 BC, preparing for the next campaign, Alexander the Great fell ill and died. At this time, an anti-Macedonian rebellion begins in Athens, Aristotle falls into disgrace and flees from the city. The scientist spends the last months of his life on the island of Euboea, located in the Aegean Sea.

Achievements of Aristotle

An outstanding philosopher and scientist, the great dialectician of antiquity and the founder of formal logic, Aristotle was interested in many sciences and created truly great ones: Metaphysics, Mechanics, Economics, Rhetoric, Physiognomy, Great Ethics and many others. . His knowledge covered all branches of the sciences of ancient times.

It is with the works of Aristotle that the emergence of basic concepts for space and time is connected. His "Teaching on the Four Causes", which found its development in the "Metaphysics", marked the beginning of attempts to more in-depth studies of the first principles of all things. Paying great attention to the human soul, its needs, Aristotle stood at the origins of the birth of psychology. His scientific work "On the Soul" for many centuries became the main material in the study of mental phenomena.

In his writings on political science, Aristotle created his own classification of correct and incorrect state structures. In fact, it was he who laid the foundations of political science as an independent science of politics.

By writing the essay "Meteorology", Aristotle presented to the world one of the first serious works on physical geography. He also singled out the hierarchical levels of all things, dividing them into 4 classes: "inorganic world", "world of plants", "world of animals", "man".

Aristotle created a conceptual and categorical apparatus, which is still present in the philosophical lexicon and style of scientific thinking today. His metaphysical teaching was supported by Thomas Aquinas and subsequently developed by the scholastic method.

The manuscript works of Aristotle reflect the entire spiritual and scientific experience of ancient Greece, they had a significant impact on the development of human thought.

Aristotle Merits in Geography

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• The ancient Greek thinker Aristotle was born in 384 BC in the city of Stagira in Macedonia. Aristotle's father was a court physician, from whom his son received his first knowledge of medicine and biology. At the age of 17, Aristotle went to Athens to study there, at the academy of the famous Plato.

• In 334 BC. Aristotle founded his school in Athens. Here, Aristotle gave lessons to his students. The works of Aristotle himself cover many sciences. Aristotle wrote treatises on astronomy, biology, medicine, on the structure of the cosmos and the structure of the Earth, developed the rules of human behavior in society, created his own doctrine of art

• In his works: "Meteorology", "On the Sky", "On the Sea", "On the Main Laws of Nature", "History of the Animal World", "On Plants", etc., he showed a variety of geographical information. He gave convincing evidence of the sphericity of the Earth, which is still being cited today, made a conclusion about the existence of climatic zones on Earth, explained the origin of winds, storms, meteors, earthquakes, tides and other phenomena; described about 500 species of animals and made an attempt to classify them.

• As an argument about the sphericity of the Earth, Aristotle drew attention to the fact that during an eclipse of the moon, the earth's shadow has the shape of a circle.

• Aristotle was the first to put forward a hypothesis about the existence of geographical zones. He believed that the earth was divided into three types of climate zones based on their distance from the equator. Thinking that the area near the equator was too hot for habitation, Aristotle singled out the region on both sides of the equator (23.5° N - 23.5° S) and called it the "Hot Zone". He believed that there was permafrost from the Arctic Circle to the Pole.

• He named this uninhabitable area the "Polar Zone". The only place that Aristotle considered acceptable for life was the "Temperate Zone", located between the "Polar Zone" and the "Hot Zone". One of the reasons why Aristotle believed that the Temperate Zone was the best place to live could be the fact that he himself lived in this zone. As knowledge of the earth's geography improved, a second "Temperate Zone" was identified south of the equator, and a second "Polar Zone" around Antarctica.

• In search of the causes of earthquakes, Aristotle turned to the bowels of the Earth. He believed that atmospheric vortices penetrate into the earth, in which there are many voids and through cracks. Whirlwinds, he thought, are intensified by fire and seek their way out, thus causing earthquakes and sometimes volcanic eruptions.

• These ideas existed for many centuries, even despite the fact that he did not give any arguments in favor of his hypotheses, but simply gave free rein to his wild imagination. Aristotle also said that when air is drawn into the ground before an earthquake, the air left above the ground becomes calmer and thinner, making breathing difficult. Since such conditions occur during hot, humid weather, such weather has come to be called "seismic weather", believing that it signals the approach of earthquakes.

• 1. http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/% D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C
• 2. http:// znaem-o-pogode.ucoz.ru/publ/climat_pogoda/klimat_pogoda_i_ee_prognozirovanie/6-1-0-16
• 3. http:// aphorism-list.com/biography.php?page=aristotel
• 4. http:// www.grinchuk.lviv.ua/referat/1/2431.html

ARISTOTLE Aristotle all the inhabitants of the planet Earth heard this name, but not many people know what discoveries he made and what contribution he made to science. For example, such an interesting fact about Aristotle as the fact that he is the first biologist in the history of mankind is known to few. And perhaps without his writings, humanity would be one step behind today.

ARISTOTLE Aristotle was born in 384 BC in the family of a doctor, this is the reason for the huge number of his future works in the field of physiology and anatomy. At the age of 15, Aristotle becomes an orphan, and his uncle, who took the boy under his guardianship, tells him about the already very famous teacher Plato in Athens at that time. At the age of 18, Aristotle independently reached Athens and entered the academy of Plato, whose admirer he had already been for three years. Thanks to his success in scientific activity, Aristotle was given a teaching position at the academy.

An interesting fact of Aristotle is his doctrine of the four causes of all things: Matter is that from which. Matter is eternal, it cannot become more or less. All things are made of matter, which combines with each other in different proportions and under different conditions. Primary (not changed) matters are air, water, earth, fire and ether (heavenly substance). The shape is what. The way in which an object exists. Forms are created by God himself, or by the mind of a living being. The producing cause is from where. The point in time at which a thing begins to exist. The purpose is for what. Every thing exists for something. The ultimate (common) goal of all things is the Good.

Interesting facts from the life of this man, which have survived to this day, are very curious and amazing. So, for example, it is known that he had a wife, whose name was Pythiades. Soon a daughter was born in their family, who was named after her mother. And when his son was born, he called him Nicomachus. As a result of a sad combination of circumstances, the guy died in his youth, and after many years, Aristotle names his collection of lectures after him. By the way, the father of the Greek philosopher was also called Nicomachus. Aristotle had two mistresses: Palefat and Herpilis, the latter of whom was the mother of his son. The subjects that the erudite loved most: biology, zoology and astrology The areas in which the philosopher made the greatest contribution are mathematics, ethics, logic, music, poetry, politics and theater. The science of causality, invented by Aristotle, explains why certain things can happen. Alexander the Great and the ancient Greek figure were good friends. It is also known that the emperor brought soil samples from the conquered lands especially for him. After his death, the philosopher lost his fame. Aristotle wrote many books. Interesting facts from the life of this man suggest that most of his work was lost over time. Only one third of his works have survived to this day.

Geographic discoveries is the discovery of new geographical objects or geographical patterns. In the early stages of the development of geography, discoveries associated with new geographical objects predominated. A particularly important role was played by the discoveries of hitherto unknown parts of the land (territorial discoveries). With the development of geography as a science, discoveries are becoming increasingly important, contributing to the identification of geographical patterns, deepening knowledge of the essence of geographical phenomena and their relationships.

Scientists find the beginnings of geographical knowledge among the peoples of the Ancient East - the inhabitants of Mesopotamia, Persia, Egypt, and Phoenicia. When crossing deserts, when sailing on the seas, people learned to navigate by the Sun, Moon and stars. The ancient scientists of Mesopotamia for the first time divided the circle into degrees, a year into 12 months, a day into 24 hours.

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Geography as a science arose at a certain stage in the development of human society, but the knowledge that we have the right to call geographical began to accumulate since the process of humanization began. Our most ancient ancestors needed to know the habitat with all its favorable and dangerous properties. This was dictated by the need to survive and preserve the species.

Civilization ancient egypt goes back more than 30 centuries BC. The Egyptians built many palaces and temples and decorated their walls with scenes from their lives. Gradually, hieroglyphic writing developed. The Egyptians knew the starry sky well, made maps of it and maps of their own territory, knew how to determine the exact time, and used the calendar. For 3 thousand years BC. The Egyptians improved writing by replacing clay with papyrus and wedge-shaped characters with hieroglyphs. In the art of navigation, they were inferior to the Phoenicians and used their services. The peoples of Mesopotamia made a significant contribution to the development of ancient culture and science. Inhabitants Sumer invented the wheel, mastered the cuneiform script, introduced counting and counting time, divided the circle of the zodiac into 360 parts, made bricks and built large houses. To combat floods, the Sumerians created a number of canals, dams.

ancient Persians occupied a limited area off the northern coast of the Persian Gulf. A highly developed civilization was formed ancient chinese. In order to defend against the raids of nomads in the period of the IV-II centuries. BC. The Chinese built the Great Wall, which stretched for thousands of kilometers. This enterprise could not be carried out without proper geographical and topographical justification.

The Chinese came up with the inscription of "Arabic" numerals, hieroglyphic writing, a compass, gunpowder, the manufacture of silk fabrics, and finally, paper.

The founder of the Milesian (Ionian) philosophical school is considered Thales. Thales is credited with formulating several mathematical axioms. Thales assumed water was the basis of all things: "Water is the beginning of all things." Thales represented the earth as a flat disk floating in the ocean.

Anaximander"About nature". Anaximander considered infinitely small particles with creative power to be the basis of things. He named this substance Aleuron. From the infinite and eternal primary matter, under the action of a driving force, first warm and cold were formed, and then through a mixture of these elements and liquid, which in turn gave rise to earth, air and fire. Anaximander was the first to suggest that the Earth hangs freely in space and is held in this position due to the same distance from the celestial globe on all sides. The figure of the Earth resembles a cylinder, on the upper circular surface of which we live. The earth moves around space. According to Anaximander, the original substance was homogeneous. Then there was its division: hot particles rose up, and silty, heavier ones, flowed down. From liquid particles, the sea arose, from solid particles, land. All sorts of animals arose from the swamp bubbles, and from animals people evolved.

Anaximenes believed that air was the basis of everything. When rarefied, air becomes fire, and when condensed, it becomes a cloud, then water, and finally earth. The first was the Earth from the air, and the Moon, the Sun and the stars came from the Earth.

By Heraclitus, the primary substance is fire. From fire came the world as a whole, individual things and even souls. All things arise through struggle according to necessity, which Heraclitus called "logos". The world process is cyclical: after the "great year" all things again become fire. The basic law of nature, according to Heraclitus, is evaporation, since fire, thickening and condensing, turns into water, while water, solidifying, turns into earth, and, accordingly, transitions are made from earth to water and from water to fire. The evaporation of Heraclitus is a prototype of the mutual transformation of elements.

Hecateus of Miletus- Author of two well-known works. The first - historical - "Genealogies" ("Genealogies"). In it, Hecataeus defended the principles of plausibility. The second - geographical - "Earth description", which gives a description of the known parts of Europe, Asia and Africa. Hecatea is called the founder of the descriptive method in geography, which uses the principle of reliability.

Herodotus- History in nine books. He persistently searched for explanations of the reasons for the development of natural processes. Herodotus suggested that it took the Nile about 10 thousand years to create a plain on the site of the bay, which was on the site of the delta.

Democritus- one of the founders of the atomistic theory. The whole world, according to Democritus, consists of emptiness and the smallest indivisible particles - atoms. Atoms are eternal, in constant motion. All objects are compounds of atoms. Birth and death are due to the combination of atoms and their decay. He wrote the book "The Great World Construction", in which he outlined his views on the universe.

Epicurus proceeded from the recognition of the eternity of matter, which has internal sources of energy of motion. Epicurus considered the human soul to be mortal and composed of especially thin atoms.

Pythagoras. The Pythagoreans believed that all bodies consist of "units of being", the combinations of which correspond to various geometric shapes. "All things are the essence of number." The "Pythagorean quaternary" is known, in which one corresponds to a point, two to a line, three to a plane, four to a three-dimensional body. Ten, i.e. the sum of the first four numbers is a symbol of the fullness of the Cosmos. The planets are daughters of the Sun. The figure of the Earth must be perfect. Such a geometric figure is a sphere.

Plato developed the theory of the existence of incorporeal forms of things, which he called species, or ideas. The sensual world is a product of ideas. Ideas are eternal, do not arise, do not perish, do not depend on space and time. The source of knowledge is the memories of the immortal Soul of man about the world of ideas, contemplated by it before entering the mortal body.

Aristotle recognized the objectivity of the existence and development of the material world, but at the same time the act of the original creation - "an immovable prime mover". "Meteorology" - the pinnacle of geographical science, antiquity. In it, in particular, the issue of the water cycle with the participation of evaporation from the surface of water bodies, cooling with the formation of clouds and precipitation is considered. The precipitation that falls on the surface of the earth forms streams and rivers, the largest of which originate in the mountains. Rivers carry their waters to the seas in a volume equal to the amount of evaporated water. That is why the sea level remains stable. There is constant opposition between the sea and the land, which is why in some places the sea destroys the coast, in others a new land is formed. It was Aristotle who first explained the lunar eclipse by the shadow of the Earth cast on the surface of the Moon. In the book "Politics" Aristotle considered the influence of natural factors on man and his behavior in a direction that later received the name "geographical determinism".

Eratosthenes was the author of two major works: "History from the fall of Troy to Alexander the Great" and "Geography". He was the first to single out the field of knowledge that we still call geography. Eratosthenes considered the history of the development of the geographical ideas of his predecessors, gave an analysis of the sphericity of the Earth and the geographic consequences associated with it, proposed a method and for the first time calculated the main parameters of the globe, very close to modern ones, considered the principles of unfolding a spherical surface onto a plane, carried out a geographic description of the world known to him with characteristic of nature, the state structure of countries and the culture of peoples. The book was illustrated with a map of the world with meridians and parallels plotted on it. Eratosthenes came up with the idea of ​​reaching India by sailing west from the Iberian Peninsula.

Strabo. He wrote "Historical Notes", reflecting the hundred-year period of the turbulent history of the Roman state. Creator of a 17-book essay called "Geography". The main task of geography is the creation of theoretical prerequisites for the "art of living" in a world of one's own kind and in an environment created by nature and human activity. Strabo argued that it is impossible to comprehend the secrets of geography without understanding celestial phenomena, without being able to make calculations, without studying the properties of the atmosphere. Strabo believed that the water surface exceeded the land area. When describing territories, Strabo used the principle of geographical zoning.

Strabo referred himself to the philosophical school of the Stoics. According to them, the great fire shapes and defines the entire world around. After a certain cycle, a world fire will occur and destroy the world. Then his revival will begin with a repetition of everything that has already happened. As an organic part of the Cosmos, a person must take care of the whole world, of the beautiful Cosmos, of humanity as a whole, and not just about one city or a separate team.

Ptolemy made a significant contribution to the development of astronomy and geography, was the author of works, the most famous of which are "The Great Construction of Astronomy" and "Guide to Geography". The name of Ptolemy is associated with the final establishment of the geocentric system of the world. According to the teachings of Ptolemy, the Earth is motionless, is at rest and is the center of the universe. The planets and the Sun revolve around the Earth in the following order: Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. On the periphery is the sphere of fixed stars. The Ptolemaic system of the world was sanctified by the Christian Church and was considered the indisputable guide until Copernicus.

Ptolemy was an outstanding representative of ancient "mathematical geography". For Ptolemy was characteristic striving for quantitative rigor. Ptolemy divided geographic knowledge into chorography and geography. Chorography is concerned primarily with quality, it cares about similarity and does not need mathematical methods. Geography is a linear representation of the entire known surface of the Earth with everything that is on it.