Coursework on the organization and economics of veterinary medicine. General prevention of internal diseases of animals Measures for mass non-communicable animal diseases
Purpose of the lesson:Master the methodology for drawing up a plan for the prevention of non-communicable diseases.
Conditions of the task: Take information about the number of animals from lesson No. 9.
This year, vitamin deficiency of group __ was registered in calves and piglets.
Studies of roughage and succulent feed have revealed a deficiency of macro- and microelements, low content of carotene and digestible protein.
When starting to develop a plan for the prevention of non-communicable diseases, a veterinary specialist analyzes: data from primary veterinary records on the incidence of non-communicable diseases in animals; veterinary reports; materials laboratory research feed, water, soil; materials of biochemical blood tests; data on microclimate parameters in livestock buildings; availability of certain means of prevention.
The action plan for the prevention of non-communicable diseases includes: clinical examinations, medical examination of animals, checking the sanitary condition of livestock premises, testing feed, studying the level of metabolism in animals, checking the condition of the udder, hooves and hooves, ultraviolet irradiation.
Approved
PLAN
prevention of non-communicable diseases of farm animals ___________ for 200 ___g.
| Name of events | Unit change | Total | Incl. by quarter |
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| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
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| Clinical examination of cattle | ||||||
| horses | ||||||
| Clinical examination | ||||||
| Veterinary and sanitary inspection of livestock premises | ||||||
| Pregnancy testing of cows | ||||||
| Study of the udder condition of cows for mastitis | ||||||
| Study of the condition of hooves in cows and horses | ||||||
| Biochemical blood test in pregnant cows | ||||||
| Biochemical blood test in pregnant sows | ||||||
| Fortification of cows | ||||||
| Fortification of calves | ||||||
| Administration of iron dextran preparations to piglets. | ||||||
| Ultraviolet irradiation of young agricultural animals. animals | ||||||
Signature of the chief physician __________________
The plan is coordinated with the chief physician of the district and approved by the head of the farm.
Self-test questions.
1.Who approves the plan for the prevention of non-communicable diseases?
2.What conditions should be observed when drawing up a plan for the prevention of non-communicable animal diseases?
3.Who finances the plan for the prevention of noncommunicable diseases?
Lesson No. 11
Topic: Development of a plan for veterinary and sanitary measures.Purpose of the lesson:Master the methodology for drawing up a plan of veterinary and sanitary measures.
1.Develop a plan of veterinary and sanitary measures.
The plan of veterinary and sanitary measures is drawn up taking into account the number of animals, areas of livestock buildings, walking yards, summer camps, warehouses for storing food and raw materials of animal origin, the epizootic state of each farm, settlement, and the presence of harmful insects and rodents.
The plan provides an assessment of the veterinary and sanitary condition of the facility, provides for disinfection, deratization, disinfestation, disinfestation of livestock farms, walking areas, summer camps, etc.
For the conditions of the task, see Lesson No. 9.
Approved
farm manager _____________
PLAN
veterinary and sanitary measures for 200____.
| Date | Name of treatments | Number of goals by sections |
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| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
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| Assessment of the veterinary and sanitary condition of dairy farms | ||||||
| Assessment of the veterinary and sanitary condition of pig farms | ||||||
| Assessment of the veterinary and sanitary condition of horse farms | ||||||
| Disinfection of barns | ||||||
| Disinfection of calf barns | ||||||
| Disinfection of pigsties | ||||||
Chief veterinarian ___________________
Self-test questions.
1.Who draws up the veterinary and sanitary action plan?
2.Who approves this plan?
3.What is the methodology for drawing up a plan of veterinary and sanitary measures?
Lesson No. 12
Topic: Planning of veterinary measures in livestock farms.
Purpose of the lesson:Master the methodology for drawing up a technological map of animal treatments and preventive treatment plans for a pig-breeding complex.
2. Develop a plan of special preventive and anti-epizootic measures at the pig farm.
Planning of veterinary measures at livestock farms is carried out taking into account the peculiarities of the organization of production at these facilities (high concentration of animals in a small area). In order to prevent contagious and widespread non-contagious diseases, an annual plan of general preventive measures acceptance. To do this, it is necessary to analyze the conditions of feeding and keeping animals, the results of laboratory tests of feed, water, soil, etc.
To prevent infectious animal diseases, plans for general and special preventive anti-epizootic measures are being developed. When drawing up the above plan, a scheme or technological map for veterinary treatment of animals is developed. The technological map of veterinary treatments at different industrial livestock complexes has its own characteristics. The technological map is a document in accordance with which planned veterinary measures are carried out in each workshop of the complex.
Plan of preventive, anti-epizootic
events.
Technological map of veterinary activities.
| Processing time | Type of research processing | Veterinary drugs | Method of drug administration | Dose (consumption rate for one-time use) |
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| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
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| 1) 1-6 days of receipt. 3 days in a row | Antidysenteric treatment with one of the indicated drugs | Trichopolum, nufulin | With food | |
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| 2) Monthly | Taking stool samples for caprological studies | From the rectum |
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| 3) According to indications twice | Deworming with one of these drugs | Tetramizole, levamisole, aversect, piperazine | With food V/m | Dosage and order of use according to instructions |
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| 4) On the 115th day of life | Vaccination against b. Aujeszky | Dry culture virus vaccine VGNKI against b. Aujeska pigs, cattle | V/m | 2 ml |
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| 5) On the 140th day of life | Vaccination against leptospirosis | Deposited polyvalent VGNKI vaccine against leptospirosis | V/m | 10 ml |
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| 6) On the 240th day of life | Tuberculosis test | Dry purified (DPP) tuberculin for mammals Dry purified (DPP) tuberculin for birds | In/dermal | 0.2 ml 0.2 ml |
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| 7) In 245 days | Testing for brucellosis, leptospirosis, listeriosis | ||||||
| 2 | Treatment of contaminated areas of the body and mammary gland with 1:1000 potassium permanganate solution | 7 days before farrowing, on the day of expected farrowing and after farrowing | |||||
| 3 | Trivitamin injection, injection of preparations containing iron | 5 days after farrowing | |||||
| 4 | Tuberculosis test | 21 days after farrowing | |||||
| 5 | Vaccination against erysipelas | 23 days after farrowing | According to the instructions |
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| 6 | Vaccination against plague | 30 days after farrowing | According to the instructions |
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| 7 | Biochemical control of metabolism, by examining blood serum in 10 samples | 30 days after farrowing | |||||
| PIGS GROUP 0-35 DAYS |
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| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
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| 1 | Umbilical cord treatment, fang removal. Wiping with a paper napkin | At birth | |||||
| 2 | Injection of preparations containing iron | 3-5 days life | According to the instructions |
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| 3 | Trivitamin injection | 3-5 days life | 0.5 ml IM |
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| 4 | Castration of boars | 15th day of life | Surgically |
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| 5 | Vaccination against Aujeszky's disease with dry culture virus VGNKI vaccine | 30th day of life | According to the instructions |
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| 6 | Studies on the intensity of immunity against the class. Swine fever, blood serum | 1 time per year | 5 blood serum samples each |
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| 7 | Giving medications and medicinal mixtures for prophylactic purposes before weaning for 2-3 days | Before weaning | As recommended |
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| PIGS GROUP 36-97 DAYS |
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| 1 | Primary vaccine against CIS | On day 45 | According to the instructions |
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| 2 | Repeated vaccine against Aujeszky b. | On day 55 | According to the instructions |
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| 3 | Primary vaccination against erysipelas | On day 60 | According to the instructions |
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| 4 | Repeated vaccination against erysipelas | On day 85 | According to the instructions |
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| 5 | Revaccination against plague | On day 93 | According to the instructions |
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| 6 | Deworming | On the 70th day, according to the results of a scatologist. | According to the instructions |
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| 7 | Providing medications and medicinal mixtures for the prevention of gastrointestinal diseases | Before and after weaning | As recommended |
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| 8 | Studies on the strength of immunity against classical swine fever | 1 time per year | 5 samples each |
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| 9 | Blood serum tests for biochemical parameters | On day 80 | |||||
| REPAIR YOUTH |
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| 1 | | On day 98-100 | |||||
| 2 | Revaccination against b. Aujeszki dry culture virus-vaccine VGNKI | Day 115 | According to the instructions |
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| 3 | | 140 day | According to the instructions |
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| 1 | Preventive treatment against gastrointestinal tract diseases | On day 98-100 | |||||
| 2 | Revaccination against B. Aujeszky with dry culture virus vaccine VGNKI | Day 115 | According to the instructions |
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| 3 | Vaccination against leptospirosis with the deposited polyvalent VGNKI vaccine (option No. 1) | 140 day | According to the instructions |
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| 4 | Testing for tuberculosis using allergic dry purified tuberculins for birds and mammals 100% | In 240 days | |||||
| 5 | Stool sampling for coproscopy. Deworming based on coproscopy results | 2 times a month | According to the instructions |
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| 6 | Test for brucellosis, leptospirosis 100% | 25 days before 1st insemination | According to the instructions |
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| 7 | Vaccination against classical swine fever with the VNIIVV and MLK vaccine from strain K | 10-15 days before insemination 235 days. | According to the instructions |
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| 8 | Sterilization of pigs before insemination | 3-5 days before insemination | As recommended |
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| 9 | Revaccination against erysipelas with VR-2 vaccine | 220 days or 30 days. before insemination | According to the instructions |
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| 10 | Studies of blood serum on the strength of immunity against classical swine fever in 5 heads of gilts repair | 2 times a year | 5 samples each |
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| 11 | Blood serum tests for biochemical parameters, 10 ml | 1 time per month | 10 samples each |
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| REPAIR YOUNG STOCK INTENDED FOR SALE A MONTH PRIOR TO SALE |
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| 1 | Study for tuberculosis PPD of birds and mammals 100% | In/dermal | According to the instructions |
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| 2 | Tests for brucellosis, listeriosis, leptospirosis | Vet. RSK laboratory, RMA Samara | |||||
| 3 | Vaccination against erysipelas of pigs VR-2 no later than 2 weeks before breeding sale | According to the instructions | |||||
| 4 | Testing for ascariasis, trichuriasis, esophagostomiasis, strongyloidiasis in 100% of the prepared livestock | Vet. laboratory | |||||
| 5 | Carry out 2-fold deworming with an interval of 10-15 days | According to the results of caprology | |||||
| 6 | Carry out sanitary and hygienic treatment of the skin, 2 times | 5-10 days before shipping | Entomozan, caustic soda |
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Branch Director
Breeding farm "Hybridny" V.N. Krivosheev
Ch. veterinarian Z.A. Salakhova
Self-test questions.
1.What are the features of planning activities on livestock farms?
2.What is the methodology for drawing up a plan? preventive measures at the complex?
Lesson No. 13
Topic: Planning of veterinary measures to eliminate infectious diseases.Purpose of the lesson:Mastering the methodology for drawing up an action plan to eliminate infectious diseases.
1.Development of a plan for eliminating the primary focus of an acute infectious disease.
2.Development of a plan of health-improving measures for chronic infectious disease.
Task conditions:
Take information about the number of animals from lesson No. 9.
Cattle disease was registered at Iskra JSC in Cherdaklinsky district - anthrax.
5 cows and 10 calves fell ill on the farm, and 2 cows in the yards of citizen-owners. The remaining settlements of the economy and the entire territory of the region are free from anthrax.
When drawing up a plan for eliminating a source of infectious animal disease, a commission is drawn up under the leadership of the chief veterinarian of the district with the participation of the chief veterinarian of the farm, a representative of the farm administration and the district committee for sanitary and epidemiological surveillance.
When starting to develop a plan for eliminating a source of infectious disease in animals, a veterinary specialist carefully studies: the placement of the animal population provided for by the production technology, the conditions and level of feeding, the state of reproduction of the herd, the veterinary and sanitary condition of the premises, the territories around them, the epizootic situation (the degree of spread of the disease, the number of sick, suspected of disease and infection of animals, etc.)
current instructions for the prevention and elimination of the specified infectious disease, new achievements of veterinary science and practice on this problem;
determine the circle of specialists and other workers who need to be involved in the implementation of the developed plan.
The plan should include the following activities:
Organizational and economic;
Veterinary and sanitary;
Medical, sanitary and educational.
The developed action plan is approved by the head of the district administration; heads of the economy, the department of internal affairs of the district administration, medical and veterinary workers are involved in its implementation.
1.Develop a plan for the elimination of anthrax in farm animals.
Approved
By resolution of the chapter
district administration______________
Date__________
PLAN
elimination of the primary outbreak ________________
in settlement No.________ farm __________.
| № | Name of events | Execution date | Responsible executor |
| | |||
| Zootechnical activities: | |||
| Special Events: | |||
| | |||
| Educational work: | |||
Chief veterinarian________________________________
2.Draw up a plan for recreational activities
Approved
Date______________
PLAN
measures to improve the health of the farm (settlement) No.___ farm ____ dated _______.
Name of the disease
For 200___ - 200___.
| No. p-p | Name of events | Deadlines | Responsible executor |
Self-test questions.
1.What is the procedure for eliminating infectious animal diseases?
2.For what infectious diseases are mandatory mass diagnostic tests of animals carried out?
3.What activities are classified as special measures to eliminate infectious diseases?
4.What measures are considered general preventive in eliminating the disease?
Lesson No. 14
Topic: Planning measures to eliminate invasive animal diseases.
Purpose of the lesson:Mastering the methodology for planning measures to eliminate invasive animal diseases.
1. Drawing up an action plan to eliminate invasive animal diseases.
Task conditions:
The following invasive diseases are registered in JSC "Iskra" of the Cherdaklinsky district: fascioliasis of cattle (extension of infection is 30%), ascariasis of pigs (extension of infection - 30%).
The plan for the elimination of invasive diseases is drawn up by the chief veterinarian of the farm.
When starting to develop it, a veterinary specialist carefully studies the placement of livestock, the technology of their maintenance, proposed movements, regroupings, the planned production of offspring, conditions and level of feeding, the veterinary and sanitary condition of livestock buildings, the areas around them, pastures, water sources, the epizootic situation regarding helminthiases ( degree of spread of the disease, number of patients suspected of disease and infection of animals, etc.);
determine the circle of specialists and other workers who need to be involved in the implementation of the plan being developed;
take into account the possibility of using anthelmintics, means for disinfection of premises, walking yards and other objects.
Study the Instructions on measures to prevent and eliminate helminthiasis in animals.
The plan should include the following activities:
Organizational and economic;
Veterinary and sanitary;
Veterinary and educational.
The developed plan is approved by the head of the agricultural enterprise, who involves workers from livestock farms and other departments of the enterprise in its implementation.
Approved
farm manager____________
PLAN
liquidation of ______ on a _______ farm ________.
| No. | Name of events | Execution date | Responsible executor |
| I. | Organizational and economic activities: | ||
| II. | Zootechnical activities: | ||
| III. | Special Events: | ||
| IV. | Veterinary and sanitary measures: | ||
| V. | Educational work: |
Head. vet. doctor________________
Self-test questions.
1.Who approves the action plan for the elimination of invasive animal diseases?
2.What measures are included in the action plan for the elimination of invasive animal diseases?
Lesson No. 15
Topic: Planning of health measures for non-communicable animal diseases.Purpose of the lesson:Drawing up a plan of treatment and preventive measures for non-contagious animal diseases.
Task conditions:
Take information about the number of animals from task No. 9.
In JSC "Iskra" of the Cherdaklinsky district, bronchopneumonia of calves was registered, 30 animals fell ill, 5 of them died, 10 were forced to be killed.
Approved
farm manager __________
Date ________
PLAN
treatment and preventive measures for _________
On the farm _____________ farms ____________
Head. veterinarian________________
Lesson No. 16
Topic: Drawing up a calendar plan for the veterinary service of the farm.Purpose of the lesson:Mastering the methodology for developing a calendar plan for the work of the veterinary service of the farm for a month.
Task conditions:
Take information about the number of animals from task No. 9.
Planned anti-epizootic measures for the current month - from the annual plan of special preventive and anti-epizootic measures.
Activities aimed at preventing non-communicable diseases are also included in the annual plan.
The calendar work plan of the veterinary service of an agricultural enterprise is drawn up for the rational use of specialists’ working time, the better organization of their work to ensure the veterinary well-being of livestock. As a rule, such a plan is drawn up for a month.
When starting to develop a calendar plan, they carefully study annual plans for preventive anti-epizootic measures, prevention of non-communicable diseases, veterinary and sanitary measures and veterinary propaganda, elimination of infectious and invasive animal diseases; clarify the activities to be included in the plan and the number of animals to be processed. When establishing calendar dates for events, you can plan individual species work for several days. Events should be planned only on weekdays; only necessary events can be held on weekends. The plan is approved by the head of the enterprise.
Approved
farm manager____________
Date__________
VETERINARY SERVICE SCHEDULE
farms ________________ for 200___ g.
| Date | Name of events | Performers |
Signature of the chief physician__________
Self-test questions.
1. How are anti-epizootic measures planned?
2.What activities are included in the plan for eliminating infectious diseases?
3. What is the methodology for drawing up a calendar plan for the work of the farm’s veterinary service?
Planning is one of the essential functions of veterinary management, important element his organization. All work of veterinary authorities is based on appropriate plans. Planning of veterinary activities is mandatory for all levels of state and industrial veterinary services in the country.
The objects of planning in veterinary medicine include: prevention and elimination of infectious and invasive animal diseases; prevention of non-communicable diseases; logistics and financing; development of veterinary science and implementation of its achievements in practice; personnel training; development of a network of veterinary institutions.
In districts, cities and agricultural enterprises, mainly preventive, health-improving and veterinary-sanitary measures are planned, as well as their material and technical support.
When starting to plan veterinary activities for the next calendar period, it is important to analyze the results of similar activities over the past year. Attention should be paid to the effectiveness of the means and methods of their implementation. Means and methods that provide high preventive, health-improving and therapeutic effects should be used more widely.
When drawing up plans for veterinary activities, they are guided by the following principles: unity, complexity, democracy, and the identification of a leading link.
The unity of plans provides for the mandatory planning of veterinary activities on specific issues in a certain territory, regardless of the departmental affiliation of farms.
Complexity involves a combination in terms of special preventive and therapeutic measures and organizational and economic measures. Only a comprehensive implementation of the entire scope of work can guarantee the veterinary well-being of the facility.
Democracy involves planning veterinary activities from the bottom up, i.e., the development of primary plans, starting with agricultural cooperatives, joint-stock companies and other enterprises and organizations of the agro-industrial complex and ending with the governing veterinary bodies. In some cases, executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation give instructions on the implementation of specific activities for the planned period.
Identification of the leading link in the complex of planned activities is the definition of a priority, or main, activity, without which it is impossible to implement other elements of the planned plan.
In livestock farms, districts, cities, regions, territories, republics, annually, depending on the epizootic state of the area, a plan of preventive anti-epizootic measures for the coming calendar year is developed. The plan consists of three sections: diagnostic studies, preventive immunization and therapeutic and prophylactic treatments.
To draw up a plan for preventive anti-epizootic measures, the following data is required: the number of animals, the estimated number of animals at the beginning of the planned year, as well as the expected supply of offspring during the year; information about the epizootic state of farms, settlements and the region (presence of infectious and invasive animal diseases); data on diseases requiring diagnostic studies, preventive vaccinations, therapeutic and prophylactic treatments; availability and required quantity of appropriate biological and chemotherapeutic drugs.
At the beginning of each year, the farm draws up a plan for the prevention of contagious and non-contagious diseases based on the annual report on internal non-contagious diseases and an analysis of the epizootic situation over the past three years. Based on this plan, a range of activities is determined for each month.
Conducting mass diagnostic tests in the rearing workshop is not provided.
Precautionary vaccinations are planned against the following diseases:
Porcine erysipelas and Aujeszky's disease;
Swine plague.
If there is a threat of the introduction of particularly dangerous or quarantine diseases of animals from disadvantaged regions, the plan for conducting diagnostic studies, veterinary preventive and anti-epizootic measures for the coming year is adjusted.
In addition to a plan of special preventive anti-epizootic measures, livestock enterprises are developing a scheme or technological map for veterinary treatment of animals.
When drawing up technological maps for veterinary treatment of animals at complexes, the technological schedule of product production is taken as a basis, reflecting the movement and number of animals in the workshops.
The technological map is a document in accordance with which planned veterinary measures are carried out in each workshop of the complex. The target figures for the annual plans for anti-epizootic and treatment-and-prophylactic measures are communicated to the performers in the form of annual production tasks.
The rearing workshop draws up its own technological map of veterinary treatments.
In addition, medical examination at the enterprise is important.
Clinical examination is a system of planned diagnostic, treatment and preventive measures aimed at timely detection of subclinical and clinical signs of the disease, disease prevention and treatment of sick animals. The purpose of medical examination is to preserve the health of animals, prevent a decrease in their productivity, and create optimal conditions for the expanded reproduction of breeding stock that are resistant to adverse environmental factors. Medical examination must be carried out 2 times a year.
In order to prevent mass diseases at the enterprise, the main attention should be paid to observing the rules of quarantine, disinfection, preventive breaks after regrouping animals, and observing microclimate parameters.
Clinical examination is divided into three stages:
The clinical stage involves a general examination of each animal. Due to the large number of pigs in the rearing workshop, clinical examination carried out by the operator responsible for the sector;
At the second stage of medical examination, all sick animals are subjected to a repeated thorough examination to clarify the diagnosis and prescribe treatment;
The third stage involves eliminating the causes that caused or are responsible for the disease in animals.
Based on the above, we can conclude that all necessary preventive and anti-epizootological veterinary and sanitary measures are carried out in the rearing workshop in accordance with the accepted production technology.
In the work of the veterinary service, one of the leading places is given to the prevention of infectious animal diseases, especially diseases from list A of the International Bureau of Epizootics. These diseases pose a serious potential threat to the biological security of the state.
The emergence of certain particularly dangerous infectious animal diseases (bovine spongiform encephalopathy, foot-and-mouth disease, highly pathogenic avian influenza, etc.) is a socio-economic disaster for the state. These diseases are also dangerous because people are susceptible to them.
Prevention of infectious animal diseases in our state is based on:
♦ protecting borders from the introduction of pathogens of infectious diseases from other countries;
♦ carrying out veterinary and sanitary supervision during the movement of animals, procurement and transportation of raw materials of animal origin by road, rail, water and air transport;
♦ veterinary and sanitary supervision of markets, exhibitions, procurement bases and other points of temporary concentration of animals;
♦ veterinary supervision of meat processing plants, small meat processing enterprises, slaughterhouses, as well as enterprises and organizations for the procurement, storage and processing of raw materials of animal origin;
♦ protection of livestock farms from the introduction of pathogens of infectious diseases from disadvantaged areas, as well as the organization of preventive measures in specific farms and settlements;
♦ increasing the general resistance of the animal body and veterinary and sanitary culture in animal husbandry.
The nature of measures for the prevention of infectious diseases depends on the characteristics of a particular disease, natural and economic conditions, the availability of biological products for active and passive immunization, the characteristics of livestock farming, etc. At the same time, a distinction is made between general and special measures for the prevention of infectious diseases.
General prevention provides for the implementation of a minimum of mandatory rules to protect healthy farms, complexes and other livestock facilities from the occurrence of infectious diseases in them.
The following rules must be observed:
♦ animals must be imported only from farms that are free from infectious diseases;
♦ newly arriving animals must be quarantined for 30 days;
♦ preventive disinfection of livestock premises should be carried out at least 2 times a year;
♦ comply with the rules for keeping, feeding and exploiting animals, as well as the principle of “everything is occupied - everything is empty” and other technological requirements;
♦ do not allow direct and indirect contact between animals of a prosperous and unfavorable farm;
♦ carry out biothermal treatment of slaughterhouse, biological and food waste used for animal feeding;
♦ procurement of feed must be carried out only in areas free from infectious diseases (this is especially important for soil-borne diseases, anthrax, etc.);
♦""prohibit unauthorized persons from visiting livestock farms;
♦ regularly carry out deratization and disinfestation, protect farms from dogs, cats, wild birds and other species of animals;
♦ improve pastures, cattle routes and watering places;
♦ carry out careful control over the movement of livestock among the population;
♦ dispose or destroy animal carcasses;
♦ observe strict sanitary and access regulations at livestock complexes and farms, etc.
In addition to measures for the prevention and elimination of general infectious diseases, special measures are carried out, including:
♦ carrying out diagnostic studies (tuberculosis, brucellosis, bovine leukemia, equine glanders, etc.);
♦ mandatory immunoprophylaxis (cattle - against trichophytosis, salmonellosis, in previously unsuccessful farms against anthrax, etc.; pigs - against classical plague, erysipelas, Aujeszky's disease, and sows - against leptospirosis; birds - against Newcastle disease).
Measures to eliminate infectious diseases are regulated by relevant instructions or rules.
Depending on the degree of danger of an infectious disease for people and animals, when organizing measures to eliminate it, a household, farm, department, etc. is declared unsafe and quarantine or restriction is introduced.
Quarantine (from the French quarantaine - forty days) is a special legal regime, which is a complex of veterinary organizational, administrative, economic, veterinary, sanitary, diagnostic and other measures aimed at destroying the causative agent of a dangerous infectious disease of animals in an epizootic outbreak and preventing its further spreading to other territories. To introduce quarantine, the chief veterinarian of the district, having a conclusion on the diagnosis of a contagious animal disease from a state diagnostic institution or a commission inspection report, applies to the district executive committee with a request to consider the issue of the occurrence of a contagious disease and the introduction of quarantine (restrictions) in a disadvantaged area, having a package of documents: document , confirming the diagnosis; a draft plan of health measures (developed by specialists from district veterinary stations together with the veterinary service serving the quarantine point); draft decision of the district executive committee.
Quarantine is introduced in the event of diseases common to animals and humans (anthrax, tuberculosis, brucellosis, foot-and-mouth disease, etc.), as well as diseases of animals only, which occur in the form of epizootic or panzootic and are accompanied by high morbidity and mortality (classical swine fever, disease Aujeszki, etc.).
Quarantine is established for the following infectious diseases animals: anthrax and foot-foot disease of animals; Aujeszky's disease, brucellosis, Rift Valley fever, widespread pneumonia, spongiform encephalopathy, plague and emphysematous carbuncle of cattle; African plague, influenza, contagious pleuropneumonia, glanders, infectious encephalomyelitis and epizootic lymphangitis of horses; African plague, Aujeszky's disease, vesicular disease, infectious encephalomyelitis and classical swine fever; smallpox and plague of sheep and goats; infectious pleuropneumonia of goats; viral enteritis and mink pseudomonosis; rabbit myxomatosis; Newcastle disease, ospodifteritis, respiratory mycoplasmosis and avian influenza; viral hepatitis ducklings; aeromonosis,
Bronchiomycosis, spring viremia, inflammation of the swim bladder and rubella of carp; infectious anemia and furunculosis of trout and other diseases.
When establishing quarantine, the following measures are taken:
♦ it is prohibited to export (withdraw) animals from the quarantined territory, transport (drive) through this territory and import (introduce) into it susceptible, and, in necessary cases, animals immune to this disease;
♦ it is prohibited, in cases determined by the Department of Veterinary and Food Supervision, the procurement in the quarantined territory and the removal from it of animal products, hay, straw, and other feed;
♦ within the quarantined territory, markets are closed in cases determined by the Department of Veterinary Medicine and the holding of fairs, bazaars, exhibitions, competitions and circus performances with the participation of animals (including birds, fur-bearing animals, dogs, etc.) is prohibited;
♦joint grazing, watering and other contact of sick animals with healthy ones, and the release from premises of animals that can spread the causative agent of the disease are prohibited;
♦ it is prohibited to regroup (transfer) animals within the farm without the permission of veterinary specialists;
♦ the corpses of animals that have died from infectious diseases, depending on the nature of the disease, are immediately destroyed or disposed of by the owner of the animal in the presence of a veterinary specialist;
♦ manure, bedding and food residues from animals sick or suspected of contracting a contagious disease are destroyed or rendered harmless. Economic use of manure from these animals is permitted with the permission of the relevant state veterinary inspection and only after its preliminary disinfection;
♦ access of people and entry of vehicles not related to servicing animals is prohibited into the territory of farms, complexes, premises for animals, herds, flocks, etc.
The procedure for carrying out specific security, quarantine and other veterinary and sanitary measures at quarantined objects (in the quarantined territory) and for implementing restrictive and preventive measures in the threatened zone is determined by the relevant approved rules (instructions).
When especially dangerous diseases(African swine fever, foot and mouth disease, etc.) establish a threatened zone around the quarantined area.
The quarantine period is determined by the length of the maximum incubation period, the duration of preservation of the pathogen in the body of recovered animals and on environmental objects (anthrax - 15 days after the last case of death, recovery or forced slaughter of the animal; classical swine fever - after 30 days, etc.) .
In case of some diseases, the quarantine on the farm is lifted, but restrictions for a certain period (from several months to a year) still remain (foot-and-mouth disease, rinderpest, etc.).
Quarantine is lifted after the established period and thorough cleaning and final disinfection of the premises. At the same time, an act is drawn up on the completeness of the measures to eliminate the disease and the corresponding decision is made by the district executive committee.
Restrictive measures provide for a less high degree of separation than quarantine measures, and are introduced on the farm when diseases occur that do not tend to spread in the form of epizootic or panzootic and do not pose a danger to humans (washing horses, parainfluenza of cattle, etc.). In this case, the corresponding decision of the district executive committee is not necessary.
There are general principles elimination of infectious animal diseases. When an infectious disease occurs, the most important thing is to establish a reliable diagnosis and identify all potential sources of the infectious agent.
The diagnosis of an infectious disease is established by a complex method, which includes epizootological, clinical, pathological, allergic, microbiological (microscopic, bacteriological, biological or bioassay), virological, serological, immunological, hematological and other methods.
Diagnosis begins with an epizootological examination directly at the troubled point, since priority measures must be taken to stop the epizootic focus.
The essence of the epizootic method is to collect, summarize and analyze all information relating to the development of the epizootic process in the event of an infectious disease, taking into account:
1. susceptibility (depending on the type of animal, age, physiological state, sex and resistance of the body) of laboratory animals and humans;
2. source of the infectious agent;
3. reservoir of the infectious agent;
4. mechanism of transmission of the infectious agent:
a) gate of infection;
b) factors of transmission of the infectious agent;
c) ways of releasing the pathogen into the external environment;
5. seasonality, stationarity, periodicity and natural focality of the disease;
6. intensity of the epizootic process (sporadia, enzootic, epizootic, panzootic);
7. morbidity;
8. lethality.
The clinical diagnostic method aims to recognize an infectious disease by identifying the most constant and characteristic clinical signs for it. All livestock of this species of animals in a disadvantaged area are subjected to clinical research. Role clinical method diagnostics for certain infectious diseases is decisive. For example, with swine erysipelas (urticaria) or calf trichophytosis, the clinical signs are so characteristic that there is no need to use other diagnostic methods. With many infectious diseases, the clinical signs are similar, but the same disease can manifest differently clinical signs. In this case, an important role is played by differential diagnosis.
The pathoanatomical method is mandatory when diagnosing infectious diseases of animals. Using this method, the most permanent and characteristic changes in the organs and tissues of corpses or forcedly killed animals are revealed. In case of certain diseases (anthrax), autopsy of corpses is prohibited. For tuberculosis in cattle, glanders in horses and some other diseases, the pathoanatomical method is the leading one; for certain diseases, it is, to varying degrees, additional to the main diagnostic methods. A pathoanatomical autopsy, as a rule, is accompanied by the collection of pathological material for bacteriological, virological, histological and other studies.
The allergic method is widely used in the republic to diagnose glanders in horses, tuberculosis and paratuberculosis in cattle, and tuberculosis in birds.
In farms that are free from bovine tuberculosis, planned allergy tests of sires and cows, regardless of the period of pregnancy, as well as heifers older than one year, are carried out 2 times a year - in spring and autumn.
All adult horses in the republic are examined for glanders once a year - in the spring, through double ocular malleinization. This method is also used to clarify the diagnosis in animals suspected of disease (having glanders-like changes), imported and with positive results of RSK.
The reliability of the allergic method cannot be considered high (in some cases it does not exceed 70%), which is associated with the occurrence of nonspecific reactions (paraallergic, pseudoallergic) to allergens, as well as with the phenomena of anergy (lack of reaction in sick and weakened animals).
The microbiological method allows you to determine the type of isolated microorganism and carry out diagnostics of this disease which includes:
♦ microscopic, with the help of this method they establish mainly the morphological, tinctorial properties of microbes in preparations - smears prepared from microbial cultures and the material being studied;
♦ bacteriological, involves inoculating microbes on nutrient media, isolating pure cultures and studying their biochemical and other properties;
♦ biological (bioassay), used to determine the patho- and toxigenicity of microorganisms. It is carried out by infecting susceptible laboratory or other animals using various methods.
The bacteriological method is decisive in the final diagnosis of tuberculosis, anthrax and other infectious diseases.
The virological method involves the detection of a virus or its antigen, isolation of the virus by infecting cell cultures, chicken embryos, susceptible laboratory animals and its
Identification using various serological reactions, electron and fluorescence microscopy, PCR and other reactions.
The hematological method is an auxiliary one. When diagnosing some infectious diseases of animals, it complements the main ones. For example, when making a diagnosis of equine infectious anemia, it is necessary to take into account pronounced anemia (the number of red blood cells decreases to 1-2 10 12 / l), and for classical swine fever - leukopenia (the number of leukocytes decreases to 2 10 9 / l), etc. d.
The histological method aims to identify structural changes at the cell, tissue or organ level that are characteristic of a specific infectious disease. This method is auxiliary, but for certain infectious diseases it significantly complements the main methods. Characteristic histological changes are found in tuberculosis, equine glanders, paratuberculosis, listeriosis and other infectious diseases of animals.
The serological diagnostic method is based on the detection of specific antibodies in the blood serum of sick or recovered animals. To diagnose bacterial infectious diseases, RA is used - brucellosis, salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis; RMA - leptospirosis; RSK - glanders, brucellosis, chlamydia, listeriosis and other reactions.
In virology they use: RID - enzootic leukemia of cattle, infectious anemia of horses; RIF - rabies; ELISA - enzootic leukemia of cattle, etc.
For certain infectious diseases, the serological method is decisive in making a final diagnosis of the corresponding disease (bovine leukemia, infectious anemia and glanders in horses, etc.). It forms the basis for retrospective diagnosis. In these cases, blood serum is taken from animals at the stage of obvious clinical disease, and then, during the period of convalescence or complete recovery, i.e. after 2-3 weeks (method of studying paired sera). When the level of antibodies increases (for leptospirosis - 5 times or more, for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis - 4 times or more, etc.) in the blood serum, the diagnosis of the corresponding disease is considered established.
The serological method has also found application for the detection of the corresponding pathogen in pathological material using specific serum (RP - for anthrax). This method is also widely used to control the level of immune response when vaccinating pigs against classical plague, birds against Newcastle disease, etc., as well as for serogroup differentiation of infectious disease pathogens isolated from pathological material.
Among other diagnostic methods in veterinary practice, PCR (polymerase chain reaction), electron microscopy, histochemical method, DNA hybridization, microchip technology, etc. are increasingly used.
However, most often a set of methods is used to diagnose infectious animal diseases, although for each infectious animal disease there are legalized methods on the basis of which the diagnosis is considered definitively established. For example, with bovine tuberculosis, the diagnosis is considered definitively established in one of following cases: upon detection of pathological changes in organs typical for tuberculosis or lymph nodes; when isolating a culture of mycobacteria of bovine or human species from the test material; upon receiving a positive result from a bioassay.
There is a general scheme for carrying out measures to eliminate infectious diseases, the essence of which is as follows. Based on the results of clinical or other research methods of animals from a disadvantaged herd (farm, complex, etc.), regardless of whether quarantine or restrictions are introduced, animals are divided into three groups:
1) obviously sick animals with typical clinical signs of the disease. In their regard, the diagnosis is considered to be finally established using methods legalized for diagnosing the relevant disease;
2) suspicious for the disease, having unclear clinical signs of the disease, characteristic of many infectious diseases (fever, refusal to feed, depression, etc.) or questionable results of diagnostic studies;
3) those suspected of infection (conditionally healthy), other animals kept together with patients (carriers of the infectious agent) or in contact with certain factors of transmission of the agent.
One of the most important conditions for the successful fight against infectious diseases is the identification and removal of the source of the infectious agent. For this purpose, sick animals (animals of the first group) are isolated from the main herd in a separate room (isolator). Separate personnel are allocated to service such animals. At the same time, sick animals are treated (trichophytosis of calves, erysipelas of pigs, pasteurellosis, etc.). If treatment is not economically profitable or ineffective, or sick animals are dangerous to people (tuberculosis and brucellosis in cattle, classical swine fever, etc.), they are killed.
In some cases, when sick animals (rinderpest, African swine fever, etc.) pose a huge danger to other animals or people (rabies, highly pathogenic avian influenza, etc.), they are destroyed.
Another important condition for carrying out measures after isolation or destruction of sick animals is to break the mechanism of transmission of the pathogen. Disinfection, disinfestation and deratization are to play a great role in measures regarding the mechanism of transmission of the infectious agent. It should be taken into account that each infectious disease has its own strictly specific transmission mechanism.
Thus, for diseases with a nutritional transmission mechanism, disinfection is carried out, pastures are changed, grazing of animals is stopped, feed is changed or disinfected, etc. (EMKAR, anthrax, etc.). For vector-borne diseases, blood-sucking insects are destroyed (horses, etc.), and for infectious diseases transmitted aerogenously (parainfluenza, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, etc.), aerosols of disinfectants (lactic acid, formaldehyde, etc.) are used. Only by isolating or destroying sick animals and breaking the transmission mechanism of the infectious agent can the further spread of many infectious animal diseases be prevented.
Animals suspected of having the disease are examined further. Depending on the results of the study, the nature of their further use is determined, whether they are recognized as sick or conditionally healthy. In most cases, animals of this group are classified as sick and treated in the same way as animals of the first group.
Table 2.2. Measures regarding the source of the infectious agent depending on the characteristics of the infectious disease
| Group number | Feasibility | Name of infectious diseases | Measures regarding the source of the infectious agent |
| First group | Patients with infectious diseases for which treatment is prohibited | Rabies, spongiform encephalopathy, sheep scrapie, African swine fever, glanders, epizootic lymphangitis, African horse sickness, foot and mouth disease and rinderpest, bluetongue (bluetongue of sheep), highly pathogenic influenza and Newcastle disease of birds, etc. | Animals are killed and destroyed |
| Second group | Patients with infectious diseases for which treatment is inappropriate | Tuberculosis, brucellosis, leukemia, paratuberculosis and contagious pneumonia of cattle; classical swine fever, infectious anemia and encephalomyelitis of horses, smallpox and infectious laryngotracheitis of birds and other diseases | Animals are subjected to forced slaughter, and slaughter products are used depending on the results of their veterinary and sanitary examination |
| Third group | Patients with infectious diseases who are treated based on economic feasibility | Pasteurellosis, salmonellosis, leptospirosis, escherichiosis, streptococcosis, necrobacteriosis, tetanus and other bacterial diseases; swine erysipelas, hemophilus polyserositis and pleuropneumonia, as well as swine dysentery, infectious rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza-3, respiratory syncytial infection and some others viral diseases | Animals are isolated and treated |
Animals suspected of being infected (conditionally healthy) are under enhanced veterinary supervision. Depending on the characteristics of the identified disease, animals in this group are vaccinated or treated with hyperimmune serum. In the absence of biological products, treat animals with antibiotics or take other measures aimed at preventing the disease.
Measures to eliminate a specific infectious animal disease are regulated by relevant rules (instructions).
Thus, measures to eliminate infectious diseases must be comprehensive and aimed at all links of the epizootic chain: elimination (isolation, neutralization) of the source of the infectious agent; rupture of the pathogen transmission mechanism; creating immunity in animals to infectious diseases. -
Security questions
1. What are the main measures to prevent the introduction of pathogens into healthy farms?
2GWhat is the difference between sick animals suspected of having a disease and animals suspected of being infected?
3.What is the essence of general and specific prevention of infectious animal diseases, what are their similarities and differences?
4.What is a comprehensive diagnosis of infectious diseases? What methods are used for this? Give their comparative characteristics.
5.What is the role of laboratory tests in the diagnosis of infectious diseases, including in the final diagnosis?
6. Describe the concepts of “quarantine” and “restrictions”. What are the rules and procedure for their application (introduction) and removal, what is their anti-epizootic significance?
7.List the diseases that are subject to quarantine.
8. How do you deal with sick people suspected of having a disease or suspected of being infected by animals when eliminating infectious diseases?
Related information.
Measures against infectious animal diseases (so-called anti-epizootic measures) carried out in our country are a combination of precautionary or prophylactic measures with measures to eliminate the disease if it appears.
Preventive measures. There are measures of general and specific prevention of infectious diseases.
General preventive measures consist primarily of increasing the resistance of the animal body to the effects of infectious agents. This is achieved by proper feeding and normal conditions for keeping animals, and good care for them. The better these conditions, the stronger the animal’s body and the more successfully it fights infection.
These same measures also include measures to protect farms and herds of animals from the introduction of pathogens of infectious diseases into them, as well as to destroy the infectious principle in the external environment surrounding the animals. A mandatory 30-day preventive quarantine has been established for animals introduced into the farm.
Specific prevention lies in the fact that vaccines and serums made against certain infectious diseases artificially increase (or create) the immunity (immunity) of animals to these particular diseases. Timely vaccinations prevent the occurrence of infectious diseases. To ensure timely detection and removal of sick animals from the herd, systematic diagnostic examinations of animals and poultry are carried out as planned.
Health measures. If infectious diseases occur among farm animals, a quarantine is imposed on the dysfunctional farm or farm, and restrictive measures are taken on the farm. At the same time, the removal of animals and the removal of products from the farm is prohibited. In case of certain diseases, it is prohibited to introduce healthy animals into such a farm. For certain diseases, quarantine is not imposed, but some restrictions are introduced regarding the export of products from a disadvantaged group of animals.
All animals on a dysfunctional farm are divided into three groups.
- Group 1 - animals that are clearly sick. They are transferred to an isolation ward until recovery, slaughter or destruction.
- Group 2 - animals suspicious for the disease, with unclear clinical signs of the disease. They are kept separately until a final diagnosis is made.
- Group 3 - animals suspected of being infected. They remain in their places; They are monitored and, if necessary, their body temperature is measured.
In a dysfunctional household, a calendar plan is drawn up for carrying out health-improving measures to ensure the elimination of an emerging infectious disease. The main attention is paid to measures to destroy the source of infection.
The source of infection is considered to be a place in the external environment in which the infectious principle, i.e., the causative agent of the disease, has been preserved. As long as the source of infection exists, as long as the accumulation of pathogens (sick animals, their corpses, contaminated objects, manure, bedding, feed, pasture areas, etc.) remains in a disadvantaged area, as long as the source of infection remains and there is a danger of new outbreaks and further spread of the disease. That is why it is important to focus on the complete isolation of the source of infection from the rest of the affected area or from the surrounding territory, to create conditions that completely exclude the possibility of the spread of infection, up to the final elimination of the infectious principle (destruction or cure of patients, destruction of corpses, infected manure and etc., disinfection of the skin and limbs of animals, as well as contaminated products, feed and various items- feeders, cages, floors, walls, vehicles etc.).
In accordance with the plan, a thorough disinfection of livestock premises with the adjacent territory is carried out (see the section Basics of veterinary disinfection), vehicles and other objects that have come into contact with sick animals or contaminated with their secretions. Infected manure is also neutralized. Susceptible animals from unsafe farms and endangered farms located near unsafe farms are vaccinated with a vaccine or serum for many diseases.
A dysfunctional farm is considered healthy only after the disease has been completely eliminated and the entire range of health measures provided for in the plan has been carried out. After this, the quarantine is lifted and the restrictive measures taken in connection with the disease are lifted.
Planning of anti-epizootic measures. All anti-epizootic measures in Russia are carried out as planned. For each infectious disease, veterinary legislation contains corresponding instructions. Such instructions outline preventive and health measures, as well as various instructions that should be followed in practical work.
The complex of preventive measures according to the plan (it is drawn up for a year and quarterly) provides for the following.
- 1. Diagnostic studies (clinical, studies with specific drugs, blood tests, etc.) depending on the need.
- 2. Preventive vaccinations (vaccination) in disadvantaged areas where there is a constant risk of disease.
When drawing up a plan of preventive measures, it is necessary to have information about the number of animals subject to diagnostic testing and vaccination.
According to the plan of health measures drawn up in the presence of infectious diseases in the areas, depending on their nature, the following is provided.
- 1. Diagnostic studies to determine the degree of ill-being of the affected animal population (tuberculosis, brucellosis, glanders, etc.) and identify patients.
- 2. Immunization of susceptible animals in unfavorable areas and in threatened farms.
- 3. Disinfection of contaminated livestock buildings with the surrounding area, other contaminated objects and disinfection of manure.
In case of diseases transmitted from animals to humans, rules of personal prevention for persons serving sick livestock are developed together with medical workers.
When eliminating certain infectious diseases (tuberculosis, brucellosis, etc.), separate action plans are drawn up for each disadvantaged farm.
Correct planning of anti-epizootic measures is possible only on the basis of a comprehensive study of the epizootic state of a dysfunctional farm over the previous few years. They find out what diseases were on the farm, how many animals were sick, the most likely source of infection, what measures were taken, etc.
Preventive and forced vaccinations. Preventive vaccinations are carried out in areas that are permanently (long-term) unfavorable for infectious animal diseases, as well as in safe farms or on forms (in populated areas) located near unfavorable areas, when there is a threat of infection from these areas. Animals are also vaccinated in cases where they are to be driven or transported through an infected area by rail or by road transport. This protects animals from possible infection.
To form long-lasting and stable immunity in an animal, vaccines are used - live, weakened and killed, as well as other biological preparations. After their introduction in the animal’s body, after 10-12 days, specific antibodies are formed - substances of a protein nature that can act on microbes, immunity is created lasting from several months to a year, sometimes more.
To obtain short-term immunity during forced vaccinations of animals suspected of infection, as well as for the treatment of patients, specific (against this disease) sera are used, obtained from animals immunized with a culture of the pathogen, or blood serum from recently recovered animals. Immunity occurs immediately, but its duration does not exceed 12-14 days.
Antiviruses, bacteriophages, antibiotics and various chemotherapeutic drugs are also used for treatment of infectious diseases. At the same time, treatment is carried out aimed at strengthening the body's defenses and eliminating the most severe symptoms of the disease.
In endangered farms (located close to the problem farm), all susceptible animals suspected of infection are vaccinated with vaccines or simultaneously administered hyperimmune serum in a prophylactic dose and a vaccine (combination vaccinations). A quick and lasting immunity is created.
Preventive vaccinations are scheduled in advance, depending on the epizootic situation in a disadvantaged farm or area. They are carried out in early spring, 2-3 weeks before the start of the grazing season, or in the fall, before placing animals in stalls. It is necessary to take into account the condition and nutrition of the animals to be vaccinated, as well as the duration and intensity of immunity, especially required in the summer, when infectious diseases most often occur.
In animals after vaccination, a reaction is observed, manifested by a slight increase in body temperature or slight swelling at the site of vaccine administration. Sometimes complications are possible (if the vaccination rules specified in the instructions for the use of vaccines are not followed). In these cases, serums are used in therapeutic doses. Sick animals are isolated and clinically monitored with thermometry.
In case of zoonoses, it is necessary to follow the rules of personal prevention to avoid possible infection of people. A report on the vaccinations performed is drawn up indicating the number of animals vaccinated and biological products used, as well as the date of vaccinations.
1. Principles of organizing general and specific prevention of infectious diseases.
2. Specific means and methods of immunoprophylaxis.
3. Strategy for health measures and elimination of infectious diseases.
Tables - slides.
1. Types (types of vaccines)
2. Features of 4 types of vaccines and their effect.
3. Methods of administering vaccines.
4. Complex method diagnosis of infectious diseases.
5. Laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases.
6. Types of diagnoses.
7. Quarantine diseases.
8. Restrictive diseases.
Literature.
1. General and specific prevention of infectious diseases.
Prevention is a system of measures to prevent the occurrence and spread of information security in farms and the country as a whole.
Taking into account the complexity of this state task and the need to solve it using various methods of general and special focus, preventive measures are conventionally divided into General and special (specific).
General prevention is a set of organizational, economic, veterinary and sanitary measures aimed at preventing IB.
These measures to prevent the occurrence of information security are aimed at solving 4 main tasks:
· Protecting the country from the introduction of cybersecurity pathogens from outside.
· Protection of farms from the introduction of infectious disease pathogens from disadvantaged areas.
· Carrying out measures to increase general resistance.
· Improving the veterinary and sanitary culture of livestock farming.
· We previously spoke in detail about these issues, but now I’ll just remind you.
General prevention includes a set of the following basic measures:
1. Periodic (at least once a month) clinical examinations of animals, clinical examination (2 times a year), timely identification and isolation of sick animals.
2. Preventive quarantine (30 days) of newly arriving animals.
3. Routine research of animals (tuberculosis 1-2 times a year, brucellosis 1 time a year, glanders, leukemia, leptospirosis, etc., depending on the zone).
4. Preventive cleaning and disinfection of areas (at least once a year).
5. Closed operation of large livestock enterprises, compliance with the “empty-occupied” principle.
6. Organization of control at animal control stations.
7. Monitoring the condition of pastures and their rehabilitation.
8. Organization of control over the keeping, feeding, watering and exploitation of animals.
9. Measures to combat vectors (disinsection and deratization).
10. Control over the movement of animals.
11. Timely cleaning and disposal of corpses, animal waste and manure.
The nature of the action of general preventive measures is universal for all information security, so they should be carried out everywhere and constantly.
Specific prevention is a special system of measures aimed at preventing the occurrence of specific information security problems.
The nature of specific preventive measures is determined by the characteristics of individual diseases, the epizootic situation of the farm and its environment.
Specific prevention includes:
· Carrying out Special diagnostic studies ( Including quarantine, isolation, clarification of diagnosis).
Application Therapeutic and prophylactic agents special areas (premixes, aerosols, immunomodulators, feed antibiotics, probiotics, etc.).
· Immunoprophylaxis using specific agents - vaccines, serums, immunoglobulins.
The system of general and specific preventive measures within farms is generally reduced to 3 areas.
1. Selection and genetics – creation of breeds, lines, etc. resistant to IB.
2. Increasing natural resistance.
3. Specific prevention - preventive vaccination.
(Reveal the prospects of each direction)
Preventive (preventive) vaccination– carrying out vaccinations in a healthy farm in order to create immunity in case of possible infection of animals later. (In Ukraine, vaccinations against a number of diseases are mandatory, regardless of the threat of infection.
In accordance with this, plans for veterinary preventive and special anti-epizootic measures are developed in every farm that is secure in terms of information security (which we discussed in more detail in the previous lecture).
2. Specific means and methods of immunoprophylaxis.
The basis of the method specific immunoprophylaxis lies the phenomenon of immunity that we talked about earlier. This method is strictly specific for IB (hence the name specific prevention).
Currently, effective biological products have been developed against most infectious diseases to protect animals from diseases.
Vaccination (immunization) of animals has become firmly established in the complex of anti-epizootic measures and veterinary practice. In some diseases it is the main and most effective method. (in particular with SA, emkar, foot and mouth disease, listeriosis, erysipelas, plague, etc.).
There are 3 types of vaccination depending on the method of immunity formation.
· Active – the use of vaccines, while immunity is produced by the body itself.
Vaccines are antigenic preparations obtained from microorganisms, their components or waste products.
· Passive – the use of serums or immunoglobulins, while ready-made antibodies (obtained by immunization of other producing animals) are introduced into the body.
· Mixed (passive-active) – in which passive vaccination is carried out first, and after some time active. The simultaneous use of vaccines and serums (simultaneous vaccinations) is currently not used because it is known that passive antibodies in the body negatively affect the formation of active immunity.
Live vaccines are most effective– rapid formation of immunity, small doses of antigen, usually a single vaccination. The negative side is reactogenicity and residual virulence (post-vaccination complications and disease of some animals, especially hatcheries, are possible). Widely used (SA, brucellosis, tuberculosis, etc.)
Inactivated vaccines(phenol - formol - heated, alcoholic) are usually less effective than live ones. They usually require the administration of large doses, repeated vaccinations, to strengthen the depositing substances (adjuvants), but are safer.
Subunit and genetically engineered vaccines are not yet widely used in veterinary medicine (salmonellosis, colibacillosis, brucellosis, foot-and-mouth disease).
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Types of vaccines |
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Inactivated (killed) |
Subunit (chemical) |
Genetic engineering |
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Obtained from live weakened attenuated strains of microorganisms that have retained antigenic properties, but have almost lost their virulence |
Obtained by inactivating (killing) microorganisms without destroying them |
Consisting of antigens obtained by extracting various antigenic fractions from microorganisms: polysaccharides, proteins, surface and envelope antigens |
Products of molecular biology and genetic engineering by synthesis of antigens or introduction of the genome into other cells |
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Monovalent Polyvalent Associates |
Viral Cultural Embryonic Fabric |
Bacterial Bacterina Anatoxins |
Formolvaccines Phenol vaccines Alcohol Deposited: Alum GOA vaccines Emulsified |
Passive immunization methods:
· Administration of serums – seroprophylaxis.
· Introduction of immunoglobulins(concentrated antibodies). Advantages: more antibodies, less ballast, less reactogenicity.
· Colostral immunization – Active immunization of mothers, but passive transmission of colostrum to offspring. Examples: colibacillosis, salmonellosis, viral diseases.
Terms of formation and duration of immunity:
When vaccines are administered, immunity is formed within 5 to 30 days and lasts from 6 months to 2 years (depending on the type of vaccine).
When administering serums, immunity is formed within 1-3 days and lasts for 2-3 weeks.
With colostral immunization, immunity lasts up to 1-1.5 months.
Organization and implementation of vaccinations. Follow the following 6 rules:
1. Animal vaccinations are carried out in strict accordance with Instructions for use A drug that specifies the method and place of administration, dose, frequency of vaccination, possible adverse reactions, etc.
2. Before vaccination, determine the suitability of the drugs for use (according to appearance, integrity of packaging and closure, presence of impurities).
3. When vaccinating, special attention is paid to animals that are sick, weakened, exhausted, pregnant or in the first days after birth. In some cases they are not vaccinated.
4. When carrying out vaccinations, the rules of asepsis and antiseptics are observed.
5. After vaccination, a report is drawn up.
6. Vaccinated animals are monitored and if complications occur, in some cases appropriate therapy is carried out and a complaint is submitted to the manufacturer of the biological product.
4. Health measures and elimination of infectious diseases.
When IB occurs, it is crucial to establish what kind of disease it is and identify all IVIs (i.e., assessing the 1st link of the EC and influencing it, as we said earlier). These issues are resolved with the help of Diagnostics.
The diagnosis of IB is established in a complex manner.
Without laboratory diagnostics, a final diagnosis cannot be made.
With an integrated methodological approach, however, the main (decisive) diagnostic method must be used to make a final diagnosis.
Most often this Detection and identification of the pathogen in pathological material, which confirms the preliminary diagnosis. Sometimes a bioassay, the results of serological studies, allergic studies, and a pathological autopsy are sufficient, which is determined by the instructions for individual diseases.
However, a negative result does not always exclude the disease; repeated tests may be necessary. additional research. That is, the principle applies: YES à YES, NO à not always NO.
In each EC IB (problematic farm), it is necessary to carry out measures to ensure the destruction of pathogens and eliminate the possibility of the emergence of new cases of the disease and its spread beyond the boundaries of the EC, affecting all 3 links of the EC.
When information security is detected, the farm (point) is declared unfavorable and quarantine is imposed (restrictions, or neither, depending on what kind of disease it is).
Quarantine is a system of anti-epizootic measures aimed at the complete separation of disadvantaged animals and the areas where they are located, in order to eliminate the disease and exclude the possibility of its spread beyond the boundaries of the EO.
The list of quarantine diseases is presented in the table (TABLE).
Restrictions - a less strict separation system used for infectious diseases that do not have a tendency to wide epizootic distribution.
The list of restrictive diseases is presented in the table (TABLE).
The decision to impose (introduce) quarantine or restrictions is made by local authorities on the recommendation of the veterinary service and this procedure is determined by the relevant instructions.
For some particularly dangerous diseases: foot-and-mouth disease, SAD, cattle and camel plague, ASF - A threatened zone is established around the quarantined area.
Under quarantine conditions it is prohibited:
· import (entry) and export (exit) of susceptible animals from the unfavorable zone,
· grazing and export of products, fodder and raw materials of animal origin,
· travel through disadvantaged areas,
· behavior of exhibitions, fairs, markets, regrouping of animals within the farm,
· on the roads leading to a disadvantaged point, posts, special signs, barriers, disinfection barriers, etc. are installed.
The duration of quarantine or restrictions during recovery is determined by the duration of the incubation period and microbial carriage after illness. They are removed after complete recovery (slaughter, death) of the last animal, completion of final veterinary and sanitary measures, thorough cleaning and disinfection, and after the expiration of the period specified in the relevant instructions.
Responsibility for compliance with quarantine and restrictive measures rests with farm managers and local authorities, and for the organization and implementation of special anti-epizootic measures - with the veterinary service.
When imposing quarantine (restrictions), it is applied Animal Isolation, i.e., separating patients and those suspected of disease from the rest of the conditionally healthy people. To do this, farms must be equipped with isolators (based on the placement of % of the adult livestock). Isolation can be group or individual.
In the fight against information security, it is also important Specific prevention(vaccination). But unlike protective (preventive) vaccinations in prosperous farms, in disadvantaged ones it is called Forced vaccination. The same means and methods are used for it, with the difference that for a number of diseases it is necessary to examine animals before vaccination to exclude microbial carriers.