The device of reversible and rotary plows. Plows for smooth plowing Components reversible plow pno 4 30
Lecture 2. Plows of general and special purpose 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Classification of plows. Working bodies of plows of general purpose. Mutual installation of working bodies. Plow adjustments. Agrotechnical requirements for plowing.
1. Classification of plows. A plow is an agricultural implement for basic tillage. They are classified according to the following features: by appointment - for plows of general and special purposes; according to the method of connection with the tractor - mounted (PLN), semi-mounted (PLP) and trailed (PL); by the number of main working bodies - plow bodies - into one-, two-, three-body, etc.; according to the nature of the work - on plows for dump and smooth plowing. General-purpose plows include share mounted plows PLN-4-35, PNO-4-30, PNP-3-35, etc. Special-purpose plows include garden plows - PS-430; shrub-marsh - PBN-75, longline PONYa-4 -40. Plows for smooth plowing include: reversible plow PNO-4-30, rotary plow PNP-3-35, etc.
PLN - 4 - 35 Plow brand Working width of each hull Number of hulls PLN-4 -35 - plow share mounted, four hull with a body width of 35 cm. PBN-75 - marsh mounted plow, single-hull with a working width of 75 cm. -40 - three-tier mounted plow, three-furrow with a body width of 40 cm. PNO-4 -30 - a mounted reversible four-body plow with a body width of 30 cm. cm.
2. Working bodies of general purpose plows. PLN-4 -35: 1 - skimmer; 2 - body; 3 - frame; 4 - disk knife; 5 - support wheel; 6 - screw mechanism for adjusting the depth of plowing; 7 - plow hitch
Cases are moldboard and non-moldboard. The dump body cuts the soil layer, wraps it and crumbles it. The moldboard body consists of a rack, a plowshare, a blade and a field board. The non-moldboard hull does not have a blade, it cuts and crumbles the soil layer without its turnover. The knife cuts off the layer, in vertical plane to obtain a smooth wall of the furrow. Knives are disc, cutting and flat with supporting skis. Skimmer - designed to cut the top soddy soil layer 8 thick. . . 12 cm (the area where the main mass of rhizomes is located) and dropping it to the bottom of the furrow in an inverted form. The skimmer consists of the same parts as the mouldboard plow body, but does not have a land board.
Moldboard plow body: 1 - plowshare 2 - blade 3 - field board 4 - stand The plowshare cuts the soil layer from below and feeds it to the blade. The dump crumbles and wraps the layer towards the adjacent furrow. The field board prevents the plow from moving to the side, resting against the wall of the furrow, it balances the horizontal components of the resistance forces of the soil layers. Rack - a supporting element on which all other parts of the body are mounted.
Varieties of dump bodies Cultivated bodies - crumble well, but poorly wrap the soil layer, they are used in combination with skimmers for processing old arable soils. Semi-screw hulls are better than cultural ones, but they loosen the formation worse. They are used on shrub and marsh plows and on general-purpose reinforced plows for processing lightly soddy old-arable heavy soils. Screw housings - wrap well, but practically do not crumble the soil layer. Designed for the processing of cohesive heavily soddy soils: virgin lands, fallows, meadows, etc. There are also the following types of hulls: disc, cut, combined, with a subsoiler, for rhombic plowing, etc.
4. Plow adjustments. 1. Hull spacing: the bearing surfaces of the hulls must be in the same plane; to check the correct placement of the hulls, it is necessary to pull the twine between the toes of the first and last hulls. Cases in which the toes of the shares deviate from the twine are adjusted by installing gaskets. 2. Alignment of the frame position: the plow frame must be set horizontally relative to the field surface in the longitudinal and transverse planes. Alignment in the longitudinal plane is carried out using the screw mechanism of the central link of the tractor hitch; in the transverse - by the screw mechanism of the side brace of the tractor hitch. 3. Setting the plowing depth: the plow is set to the specified depth using the screw mechanism of the support wheel. A wooden block is placed under the support wheel, the thickness of which is equal to the depth of plowing, minus 2-3 cm and the plow is lowered with a screw mechanism until the bodies come into contact with the adjusting platform.
5. Agrotechnical requirements for plowing. Plowing is carried out in agrotechnical terms when the physical ripeness of the soil (FSP) is reached, for clay - 50 ... 65%, for loamy - 40 ... 70% to a depth of at least 20 cm. The deviation of the arithmetic mean of the actual plowing depth from the specified one should not exceed ± 5 % on flat areas and ± 10% on uneven areas. The deviation of the actual width of the plow from the design is allowed ± 10%. When plowing, they ensure that the width and thickness of the layers are the same, plant residues, weeds and fertilizers are completely (at least 95%) embedded, and the crests of the layers have the same height (no more than 5 cm). High dump ridges, deep breaking furrows and hidden flaws (unploughed areas) are not allowed. Lumpiness, i.e., the total area occupied by lumps larger than 10 cm, is allowed no more than 15% of the arable land. Non-moldboard plowing should ensure the preservation of 40 ... 50% of stubble and crop residues on the surface of the field. At the same time, crumbling of the soil into particles smaller than 1 mm is not allowed.
Smooth plowing is called plowing without dump ridges and breakup furrows. The plowed field has a leveled surface, which creates more favorable conditions for the growth of plants and the operation of machines that perform the technological operations following plowing. The yield of cultivated plants increases by 5...10%, and the productivity of machines - by 10...15%. On smoothly plowed areas, losses during harvesting are reduced.
For smooth plowing, reversible, frontal, shuttle, rotary, keyboard and balance plows are used.
Mounted reversible plow PNO-4-30 designed for smooth plowing of soils with a specific resistance of 9 N/cm2 to a depth of 22 cm.
The plow is equipped with a symmetrical frame 2 (Fig. 1.9, a), which rotates 180 ° relative to the longitudinal horizontal axis under the influence of the rotation mechanism. On the frame are installed in pairs right-turning 12, 15, 16 and left-handed 1, 3, 5 housings equipped with vertical blades 11, uglosimami 10 and feathers 13. A pair of housings can be three or four. Hydraulic cylinder housing 7 hinged on the hinge bracket 6, and its rod is kinematically connected with the links of the rotation mechanism.
When oil is supplied to the upper cavity of the hydraulic cylinder, the rod moves down and turns the plow frame into a position in which the right-hand turning bodies are set to the lower (working) position, and the left-hand turning bodies are set to the upper (non-working) position. When oil is supplied to the lower (rod) cavity of the hydraulic cylinder, the rod moves up and puts the left-handed housings into working position. The plowing depth is adjusted with bolts by changing the position of the support wheel.
With the shuttle method of processing, the field is plowed with a reversible plow without breaking into paddocks. At the end of the field, the plow frame is rotated 180°. When plowing on slopes, the plow moves across the slope, and the layers fall off down the slope. The width of the PNO-4-30 plow is 120 cm. It is aggregated with the MTZ-80 tractor. The operating speed of the unit reaches 9 km / h.
Rotary plow PNP-3-35 equipped with moldboard symmetrical bodies 25 (Fig. 1.9, b), rigidly fixed on a rotary beam 26. The body consists of a rack, a plowshare, a cylindrical blade, on both sides of which feathers 24 are fixed. The left and right sides of the blade have the same profile and are used for cutting rhombic soil layer. Enclosure width 35 cm. 26 connected to the frame 22 hinged and fixed in working position by a hydraulic cylinder 27. R ama leans on a transverse beam 21, having left and right wheels 19 with mechanisms 20 vertical movement.
hydraulic cylinder 27 timber 26 swivel 23 and set it to position I or II. In the first case, the bodies wrap the cut layers to the left, in the second - to the right. When working in the left-hand mode of seam rotation, the left wheels of the tractor and the plow move along the bottom of the furrow, and the right wheels move along the uncultivated field. In right-hand mode, the position of the wheels is reversed.
Plowing is carried out by shuttle method. Plowing depth up to 27 cm is regulated by rotating the mechanism screw 20. The plow width is 105 cm. It is aggregated with the MTZ-80 tractor. The operating speed of the unit is up to 9 km/h.
Rice. 1.9. Plows for smooth plowing: a - reversible PNO-4-30; b - rotary PNP-3-35; 1, 3, 5 - left-handed bodies, 2, 22 - frames; 4 - overlay; 6, 28 - hinges; 7, 27 - hydraulic cylinders; 8 - fist; 9 - bolt; 10 - let's go down; 11 - knife; 12, 15, 16 - right-turning cases; 13, 24 - blade feathers; 14, 19 - support wheels; 17 - stand; 18 - tractor; 20 - screw mechanism; 21 - transverse beam; 23 - hinge; 25 - symmetrical body; 26 - swivel bar
Front plows are designed for smooth plowing of cohesive soddy soils with a 180° rotation of the layer and laying the layers in their own furrows.
Rice. 1.10. Scheme of the working process of the front plow:
1 - frame; 2 - plower; 3, 4 - main buildings; 5, 6, 9 - disc knives; 7 - wheel; 8 - hitch; A and B - layers
The plow is equipped with two main, opposite right- and left-turn bodies 3 And 4 (Fig. 1.10), additional body (plough) 2, central 5 and side 6 and 9 disc knives mounted on the frame 1 . The main body consists of a stand, a plowshare and a screw blade, and an additional one consists of two helical surfaces, a share and a stand.
The plow works as follows. Edge disc knives 6 And 9 cut off a layer with a width of 1.05 m, and the central knife 5 cuts it into two equal parts BUT And B(scheme I). Main buildings 3 And 4 cut the layers in a horizontal plane and turn them towards one another (scheme II). Plower 2 cuts the inner lower edges of the layers and separates them from the bottom of the furrow. After turning the layers at an angle of 90° (scheme III) they are also affected by the working surfaces of the plow. The working surfaces of the main bodies and the plow, acting together on the opposite faces of the seams, turn them at an angle of 155...160° (diagram IV), after which the layers descend into the furrow under the action of gravity (scheme V).
Special plows
Shrub-marsh plows are designed for primary plowing to a depth of 30 ... 50 cm of newly developed lands after they are drained and trees and shrubs are removed.
Under these conditions, the resistance of soils to plowing due to their hardness, sodiness and wood residues buried in the soil is 1.5–2 times higher than that of old-arable soils. Therefore the frame 3 (Fig. 1.11) of such plows has increased strength, and the body is equipped with an extension 7 field board, replaceable chisel and braces 6 blade wing attachments. The body is equipped with a semi-screw blade with an adjustable feather.
Depending on the working conditions, a disc, cutting or flat knife with a supporting ski is installed in front of the plow body.
The disc knife is used for plowing peat and loose soils.
Rice. 1.11. Shrub-marsh plows: a - plow body; b - plow PBN-75;
c - PKB-75 plow; 1 - body; 2 and 6 - braces; 3 - frame; 4 - blade; 5 - pen;
7 - expander; 8 - bush-layer, 9, 11, 19 and 20 - wheels; 10 and 22 - knives;
12 - thrust; 13 - shield; 14 - axis; 15 – hydraulic cylinder; 16 - steering wheel; 17 - automatic;
18 - towing device; 21 - skis
Shank knife 10 (Fig. 1.11, b) are mounted on a plow when plowing soils clogged with uprooted forest roots and stones. The knife is mounted on the plowshare finger and secured with a tension rod - a diagonal 2.
flat knife 22 (Fig. 1.11, c) are installed on a plow when plowing marshy soils covered with dense shrubs up to 2 m. The knife cuts the layer, rhizomes, wood and shrub branches to the full depth of plowing. Ski fixed in front of the knife 21 presses the bush to the surface of the field, contributing to its better cutting. The position of the ski can be adjusted in height depending on the depth of plowing. To tilt the shrub in front of the body, a bush-layer is attached 8 .
Mounted plow PBN-75(Fig. 1.11, b) is intended for plowing drained lands overgrown with shrubs up to 2 m high, without its preliminary removal.
The main assembly units of the plow are a frame, a body with replaceable shares, a set of knives (cutting, disk, flat) and a support wheel with a control mechanism. A share with a welded chisel is used with a disc knife, and a share with a welded finger is used with a cutting or flat knife.
The depth of plowing is adjusted by moving the support wheel vertically. 9 . Plow width 75 cm, plowing depth up to 35 cm, working speed up to 3.1 km/h. The plow is mounted on tractors of class 30 kN.
Mounted plow PBN-100 used for plowing land overgrown with shrubs up to 4 m high, without first cutting it. The plow is equipped with a body with a working width of 100 cm, flat and cutting knives. Plowing depth up to 45 cm, working speed up to 3.0 km/h. The plow is mounted on tractors T-100 MGS and T-130.
Trailed plow PKB-75(Fig. 1.11, c) is used for plowing swampy and upland lands covered with shrubs up to 2 m high. The plow is equipped with a body with a working width of 75 cm, cutting, disc and flat knives. The plow frame rests on three wheels - two front 19 And 20 from the back 11 . The wheels have a wide rim, which reduces their pressure on the ground and allows the plow to be used for plowing waterlogged areas. During operation, the front wheels move on unplowed soil, and the rear wheels move along the bottom of the furrow. The depth of plowing is regulated by the steering wheel 16 a screw mechanism with which the plow wheels move up or down and thereby change the depth of the body. The plow is attached to the tractor with a hitch. 18.
Raise the plow to the transport position or lower it into the working position with a hydraulic cylinder 15 or with a mechanical 17, powered by the left front wheel.
Plow width 75 cm, plowing depth up to 35 cm, working speed up to 4.5 km/h. It is aggregated with DT-75B tractors.
TILLAGE
To the guns basic tillage include:
general purpose plows;
cultivators - flat cutters for non-moldboard plowing according to the method of T.S. Maltsev;
special-purpose tools - plows for mountain slopes and stony soils, shrub-marsh, longline, forest, disk, milling cutters for tillage on drained swamps, etc.
by appointment - general purpose and special;
by number of buildings one-, two-, three-, ... nine-hull;
according to the shape of the dump body - with cultural dumps(general purpose plows, plowshares), latticed(for work on wet soils), half screw and screw(for plowing fallow lands);
according to the method of connection with the tractor - trailed, semi-mounted and mounted.
In this case, the body is the main working body of the plow. Its composition (Fig. 26) includes: a stand 1 with a shoe 2, on which a plowshare 4, a blade 5 and a field board 3 are fixed. working parts plow bodies are the share and blade, and official- field board and stand.
plowshare cuts the soil layer and sends it to the dump. It perceives high formation pressure and wears out quickly: it loses its original shape and becomes blunt, which can lead to damage. technological process plowing. In addition, as the plowshare becomes blunt, the traction resistance of the plow and fuel consumption increase.
Exist various forms and plowshare designs. Trapezoidal share(Fig. 27, a) is used for plowing light soils according to the granulometric composition of soils. It is the easiest to manufacture compared to others, but wears out quickly. Chisel share(Fig. 27, b) serves for plowing medium and heavy soils in terms of granulometric composition. It has an elongated chisel-shaped toe, which ensures stable operation of the entire body and reduces wear on the cutting part.
a - trapezoidal; b - chisel-shaped;
c - serrated; g - with a retractable chisel
1 - sock; 2 - blade; 3 - heel; 4 - shop; 5 - chisel; 6 - tooth
Figure 27 - Plowshares
notched share(Fig. 27, c) is used when plowing dry soils. Half of the blade is cut out of it, thanks to which it cuts the layer with one part, and tears it off with the other. Since in the second case less effort is required, the traction resistance during the operation of the unit is reduced. Share with retractable chisel(Fig. 27, d) consists of the actual plowshare and a retractable chisel made of steel strip. It is recommended to use it when working on medium and dense soils clogged with stones.
Dump cuts the layer from the wall of the furrow, deforms it, shifts it to the side and wraps it with the top layer down. According to the shape of the working surface, dumps are distinguished cylindrical, cultured, semi-screw and helical.
Cylindrical blade is used on skimmers. Its working surface is part of a cylinder. Such a dump surface is not suitable for the main bodies due to insufficient crumbling and turnover of the soil layer.
Cultural the blade is most often installed on general-purpose plows (PLN-5-35, PLP-6-35, etc.). It goes well with the skimmer. Semi-screw and screw blades are usually mounted on special plows.
To give the dumps sufficient strength, they are made two- and three-layer. Hard outer surfaces provide sufficient wear resistance, and a soft inner layer gives strength - resistance to bending moment and soil impacts.
field board provides a stable course of the body, unloads the rack from lateral forces, prevents shedding of the furrow wall. With a field board, the body rests on the wall of the furrow, so it experiences great effort and wears out, especially at the rear body. It is attached to the post from the back at an angle of 2 ... 3 to the wall of the furrow. Sometimes an elongated field board is installed at the rear body, or a removable heel is attached to the end of the board.
The blade, plowshare and field board are tightly attached to the rack with countersunk bolts. Housing racks are cast, stamped or welded-stamped parts, in the lower parts of which there is a saddle (shoe), in shape corresponding to the surfaces of the plowshare and blade attached to it.
Five-hull mounted plow PLN-5-35 designed for plowing soils with specific resistance up to 0.09 MPa, not clogged with stones, to a depth of 30 cm. They are aggregated with tractors of the T-150, T-150K type. A plow with a sto and t of working and auxiliary bodies. Working bodies (Fig. 28) - frame 2, skimmer 1and a flat knife(not shown in the figure). Subsidiary bodies - frame with a trailer or mounted device, support wheel 7, mechanism recesses and recesses buildings.
1 - skimmer; 2 - body; 3 - trailer for harrows; 4- main beam;
5 – an arm of a disk knife; 6 - screw for adjusting the depth of plowing;
7 - support wheel; 8 - brace; 9 - connecting eye;
10 - longitudinal beam; 11 - hitch struts; 12 - brackets
Connecting fingers; 13 - connecting fingers;
14 - cross beam
Figure 28 - Plow PLN-5-35
Coulter set in front of each plow body so that it removes 8 ... 12 cm of the topsoil. The removed layer with a width equal to 2/3 of the width of the plow body is laid with a skimmer on the bottom of the furrow behind the walking body. The skimmer is made of plowshare, blade and rack.
Knives serves to cut the formation in a vertical plane in order to obtain a smooth wall and a clean bottom of the last furrow. Three types of knives are used: disc, cutting and flat with a supporting ski.
Disc knife(Fig. 29, a) are installed on general-purpose tractor plows and some special ones designed for plowing cohesive soils that do not contain large inclusions (stones and wood residues). It is a steel disk 4 mm thick and 390 mm in diameter, freely rotating on rolling bearings. For better stability of the course, the blade of the disc is sharpened on both sides.
Shank knife(Fig. 29, b) is used on plows for special purposes: planting, longline, forestry, etc. It cuts layers and small roots, and turns large roots and wood residues to the surface. Blade thickness - no more than 0.5 mm, sharpening angle 10 ... 15. The knife is simple in design and strong enough, but it cuts plants and stubble residues worse than a disk knife, clogs more often, and moreover, it has more resistance when the machine is moving.
a - plow body with a disc knife; b – plow body with shank knife;
in – swamp plow body with flat blade and support ski
1 - disk; 2 - fork; 3 - castellated nut; 4 - axis; 5 - overlay; 6 - cutting blade
Knife; 7 - back; 8 - cutting; 9 - flat knife; 10 - ski; 11 - base plate
Figure 29 - Plow knives
Flat blade with support ski(Fig. 29, c) are installed on shrub-marsh plows.
Frame serves to fasten all the working bodies of the plow, as well as to apply traction. The plow PLN-5-35 has a flat frame, welded from hollow beams: main 4, longitudinal 10 and transverse rectangular profile 14. Squares are welded to the main beam for attaching the housing racks and skimmer brackets. The offset of the skimmer relative to the body is regulated by moving the clamp along the bracket, and the depth of its travel is adjusted by moving the rack in height. The disc knife is fixed on the bracket 5. The plow frame rests on the wheel 7 during operation. , the position of which in height can be changed by a screw mechanism 6. This is how the plowing depth is regulated.
The plow productivity is 0.87…1.75 ha/h at the unit speed up to 10 km/h, weight 800 kg.
Mounted plows PLN-3-35, PLN-4-35, PLN-8-40 and others manufactured by the industry differ in the number of hulls and working width.
Plows for smooth plowing p e r d i n t e n t for plowing without dump combs and breakup furrows. The plowed field has a leveled surface, which creates more favorable conditions for the growth of plants and the operation of units that perform the technological operations following plowing. The yield of cultivated plants increases by 5...10%, and the productivity of the machine by 10...15%. Smoothly plowed areas reduce harvest losses. The industry produces for smooth plowing various in design and principle of operation: reversible, frontal, shuttle, rotary, keyboard and balance plows.
On fig. 30 shows a diagram of a reversible plow of the PNO-4-30 brand and a reversible plow of the PNP-3-35 brand.
Reversible plow PNO-4-30(Fig. 30, a) is intended for smooth plowing of soils with a resistivity of 0.09 MPa to a depth of 22 cm.
Device (fig. 30, a): the plow is equipped with a symmetrical frame 2, which rotates relative to the longitudinal horizontal axis at an angle of 180 under the influence of the turning mechanism. On the frame are installed in pairs right-handed 12,15,16 and left-handed 1,3,5 bodies, equipped with vertical knives 11 , 10 and feathers 13. A pair of cases can be three or four. The body of the hydraulic cylinder 7 is hinged on the hitch bracket 6 , and its rod is kinematically connected with the links of the rotation mechanism.
P r i n c i p r a t i o n s: when applying RJ in the upper cavity of the hydraulic cylinder, the rod moves down and turns the plow frame into a position in which the right-turning bodies are set to the lower (working) position, and the left-turning bodies are set to the upper (non-working) position. When applying RJ in the lower (rod) cavity of the hydraulic cylinder, the rod moves upwards and puts the left-handed housings into working position. The plowing depth is adjusted with bolts by changing the position of the support wheel.
a - reverse PNO-4-30; b - rotary PNP-3-35
1,3,5 - left-handed bodies; 2.22 - frames; 4 - overlay; 6.28 - hinges;
7.27 - hydraulic cylinders; 8 - fist; 9 - bolt; 10 - let's go down; 11 - knife;
12,15,16 - right-turning cases; 13.24 - dump feathers; 14.19 - support wheels;
17 - stand; 18 - tractor; 20 - screw mechanism; 21 - transverse beam; 23 - hinge;
25 - symmetrical body; 26 - swivel bar
Picture 30 - Plows for smooth plowing
With a reversible plow, the field is plowed by the shuttle method without breaking into paddocks. At the end of the field, the plow frame is turned through an angle of 180. When plowing on slopes, the plow moves across the slope, and the layers fall off down the slope. The width of the PNO-4-30 plow is 120 cm. It is aggregated with the MTZ-80 tractor. The operating speed of the unit reaches 9 km / h.
Rotary plow PNP-3-35 also intended for smooth plowing of soils. DEVICE (Fig. 30, b): the plow is equipped with moldboard symmetrical bodies 25 rigidly fixed on the rotary beam 26.
The body consists of a rack, a plowshare, a cylindrical blade, on both sides of which feathers 24 are fixed. The left and right sides of the blade have the same profile and serve to cut off the rhombic soil layer. The gripping width of the body is 35 cm. The swivel bar 26 is connected to the frame 22 pivotally and is fixed in the working position by a hydraulic cylinder 27. The frame rests on the transverse bar 21, which has left and right wheels 19 with vertical movement mechanisms 20.
Principles of operation: using a hydraulic cylinder 27, the bar 26 is rotated on the hinge 23 and set to the position I or II. In the first case, the bodies wrap the cut layers to the left, in the second - to the right. When working in the left-hand mode of seam rotation, the left wheels of the tractor and the plow move along the bottom of the furrow, and the right wheels move along the uncultivated field. In right-hand mode, the position of the wheels is reversed.
Plowing is carried out by shuttle method. The plowing depth up to 27 cm is regulated by turning the mechanism screw 20. The plow width is 105 cm. It is aggregated with the MTZ-80 tractor. The operating speed of the unit is up to 9 km/h.
a - the formation of a plow sole during the operation of a share plow;
b - movement of water and the behavior of plant roots before the destruction of the plow pan; c - destruction of the plow pan during deep tillage with a chisel plow; d - movement of water and the behavior of plant roots after the destruction of the plow pan; e - profile of the bottom of the furrow after loosening the soil with a chisel plow
1 - plow sole; 2 - bottom layer; 3 - plow body; 4 - arable layer;
5 - loosened layer; 6 - ripper
Figure 31 - Scheme of the formation and destruction of the plow pan
Deep tillage plows designed to destroy the plow pan 1 (Fig. 31, a), which prevents the penetration of plant roots into the lower soil layers, and also makes it difficult for groundwater to enter the arable horizon (Fig. 31, b). Loosening the subsoil horizon increases the thickness of the root layer, improves air, water and heat soil regime, activate biological processes, contribute to the accumulation of moisture, prevent wind and water erosion of the soil.
Deep loosening is carried out general purpose plows, equipped with moldboardless bodies and loosening racks, chisel plows (Fig. 31, c) and plows with special rippers.
Chisel plow - subsoiler PCh-4.5 designed for soil loosening on moldboard and moldboardless backgrounds with deepening of the arable horizon, moldboardless tillage instead of autumn and spring plowing, deep loosening of soil on slopes and arable fields.
a, b - layouts of working bodies; c, d - varieties of rippers
1 - rippers; 2 - support wheels; 3 - hitch; 4 - frame; 5 – depth regulator;
6 - rack; 7 - fairing; 8 - chisel; 9 - lancet paw
Figure 32 - Chisel plow PCh-4.5 (dimensions are in millimeters)
DEVICE (fig. 32): the plow consists of a triangular frame 4, working bodies - rippers 1, support wheels 2, tillage depth adjuster 5, hitch 3 and stand. Nine or eleven rippers are installed on the plow frame. The components of the ripper: stand 6, fairing 7, chisel 60 mm wide or lancet share 9 with a grip of 270 mm.
Principles of operation: when the machine-tractor unit moves across the field, the chisel-shaped rippers loosen the compacted sole formed after plowing with share plows to a depth of up to 45 cm, which ensures good aeration and infiltration of rain and melt water. The chisel plow, equipped with lancet shares, loosens heavy soils to a depth of 30 cm and at the same time cuts the rhizomes of weeds.
Plow width 4.5 m, working speed up to 6 km/h, productivity 3.2 ha/h. It is aggregated with tractors K-700 and K-701.
The chisel plow PCh-2.5 with a working width of 2.5 m is aggregated with tractors T-150 and T-150 K.
For loosening the soil to a depth of 0.8 ... 1 m, ameliorative subsoilers are used, the working bodies of which are equipped with vibrating tips (knives). Deep loosening improves the aeration of dry soils, eliminates stagnant waterlogging and dehydration of the deep layers of the subsoil horizon.
test questions
How are plows classified?
How is the body of the plow arranged? Name its working and service parts, their purpose.
What main and auxiliary bodies are included in the PLN-5-35 mounted plow?
On what soils are trapezoidal, chisel-shaped, toothed and retractable chisel plowshares used for plowing?
Specify in what cases are cylindrical, cultural, semi-screw and screw dumps used?
What is the role of the land board in the plow body?
What role does the skimmer play in the plow?
What is the advantage of smooth plows compared to general plows?
What are the features of the working process of reversible and rotary plows?
On what soils are deep tillage plows used and for what purpose?
Smooth plowing - plowing without dump ridges and breakup furrows. The plowed field has a leveled surface, which creates more favorable conditions for the growth of plants and the operation of machines that perform the technological operations following plowing. The yield of cultivated plants increases by 5-10%, and the productivity of machines - by 10-15%. On smoothly plowed areas, losses during harvesting are reduced.
For smooth plowing, reversible, frontal, shuttle, rotary, keyboard and balance plows are used.
Mounted reversible plow PNO-4-30 designed for smooth plowing of soils with a specific resistance of 9 N/cm 2 to a depth of 22 cm. The plow is equipped with a symmetrical frame that rotates about the longitudinal horizontal axis at an angle of 180° under the influence of the turning mechanism. On the frame there are pairs of right-handed and left-handed housings, equipped with vertical knives, angle cutters and feathers. Pairs of buildings can be three or four. The body of the hydraulic cylinder is hinged on the hinge bracket, and its rod is kinematically connected to the links of the turning mechanism.
With a reversible plow, the field is plowed by the shuttle method without breaking into paddocks. At the end of the field, the plow frame is rotated 180°. When plowing on slopes, the plow moves across the slope, and the layers fall off down the slope. The capture width of the PNO-4-30 rogue is 120 cm. It is aggregated with the MTZ-80 tractor. The operating speed of the unit reaches 9 km / h.
Rotary plow PNP-3-35 equipped with moldboard symmetrical housings, rigidly fixed on the swivel bar. The body consists of a rack, a ploughshare, a cylindrical blade, on both sides of which feathers are fixed. The left and right sides of the blade have the same profile and serve to cut off the soil layer of a rhombic shape. The body grip width is 35 cm. The frame rests on a transverse beam, which has left and right wheels with vertical movement mechanisms.
Plowing is carried out by shuttle method. Plowing depth up to 27 cm is regulated by rotating the mechanism screw. The plow width is 105 cm. It is aggregated with the MTZ-80 tractor. The operating speed of the unit is up to 9 km/h.
Front plows designed for smooth plowing of cohesive soddy soils with a layer turnover of 180 0 and laying layers in their own furrows.
The plow is equipped with two main, oppositely directed right- and left-turn bodies, an additional body (plough), central and side disc knives mounted on the frame. The main body consists of a stand, a plowshare and a screw blade, and an additional one consists of two helical surfaces, a share and a stand.
The outer disc knives cut the layer 1.05 m wide, and the central knife cuts it into two equal parts. The main bodies cut the boards in a horizontal plane and turn them towards one another. The plower cuts the inner lower edges of the seams and separates them from the bottom of the furrow. After turning the layers at an angle of 90 0, they are also affected by the working surfaces of the plow. The working surfaces of the main bodies and the plow, acting together on the opposite faces of the layers, turn them at an angle of 155 ... 160 0 , after which the layers are lowered into the furrow under the action of gravity.