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Long-term volumetric styling. Long-term perm: fashionable ideas for medium-length hair

Modern life dictates a certain pace to us. Many girls feel a lack of time for daily hair styling. But the desire to be fashionable, beautiful and stylish always remains. A hairdressing method such as long-term styling can come to the rescue.

Its principle is similar to perm, but is safer for hair. You should not do this procedure at home; it is advisable to go to specialized beauty salons.

What is the essence of the method? A liquid is applied to the hair that weakens disulfide bonds. They determine the natural strength of hair. The principle of perm is also based on their rupture and subsequent restoration. Long-term installation acts only on the upper scales of the hair, in contrast to the chemical one, which affects the entire structure. After this, using styling products, the stylist creates the hairstyle agreed upon in advance with the client. These can be light waves, curls or curls. This method allows you to lift the hair from the roots and structure the haircut. The entire procedure lasts no more than two hours. It can be repeated every three months, and lasts up to nine weeks.

Who is suitable and not suitable for long-term styling?

Long-term styling is a more gentle procedure compared to perm. A variation of this styling, carving is the curling of large curls using a chemical composition based on fruit acids. That is, this is one of the possible most harmless methods of curling. But there are still cases when you should not expose your hair to it:

during hormonal changes in a woman: menstruation, pregnancy, breast-feeding. It is assumed that perm done during this period is less durable;
It is not recommended to carve hair lengths shorter than 10 cm;
if the hair is thin, weakened or damaged, it is preferable to avoid long-term styling, since the procedure may aggravate the situation. If your hair is healthy, you should also pay special attention to caring for it after curling. Don’t forget to use masks several times a week and use conditioner after each wash;
After dyeing your hair, you should not immediately do long-term styling, and if your hair was dyed with henna, then carving is prohibited.

This style is ideal for girls whose hair is prone to oiliness. This will allow you to wash your hair much less often.

How to care for your hair after long-term styling

After completing the procedure, it is not recommended to wet your hair for two days. Then you can wash your hair as usual. Do not use a hair dryer, let your hair dry naturally. It is advisable to use shampoo for curly hair, this will help maintain the style longer. Masks must be used at least once a week. In the first weeks, it is advisable to use it more often. You should not forget about head massages using warm oil: olive, castor. This will strengthen damaged hair. Touch your curls less with your hands and do not comb them with metal toothed brushes.

Carving is a new, still unknown word in hairdressing. It will become more clear if we say that carving is a long-term installation or chemical. hair curling, only more gentle and easy. “Khimka” is not recommended to be done more than once a year, and this procedure can be repeated after a few months if desired.

Despite the fact that carving is a fairly “soft” process for hair, you need to give it a break, as well as carry out restorative procedures in the form of therapeutic and vitamin masks. Panthenol for hair is well suited for this purpose; it has the ability to penetrate into its structure, eliminating damage and moisturizing the strands; it can also be applied to the scalp if dryness or dandruff is bothering you.

In this article:

Long-term styling products

For carving, special chemicals are used that are gentle on the hair without damaging its structure. This is a fairly simple procedure that can be carried out at home, having previously purchased everything necessary for this, namely: a special composition for carving, curlers of the required size, an applicator for applying the solution, a cap. All this can be purchased at any hairdressing salon.

The procedure will take no more than an hour, the main thing is to act carefully and follow all instructions on the products, and do not forget to test for an allergic reaction before starting. It is also important to know that after the procedure you should dry your hair naturally; it is not advisable to use a hairdryer for the next week after curling. But it’s better, of course, to go to a good salon.

Let's look at the pros and cons of Carving

Every girl knows that daily styling takes a lot of time and effort. Long-term installation is a great option to save both. There are plenty of advantages here.

Firstly, carving is done for any length and thickness of hair.
Secondly, this process, although “chemical,” is considered gentle on the hair.
Unlike a perm, the result of which only needs to be cut off, the curling effect goes away on its own after a couple of months, the tighter curls turn into natural light waves, then fade away.
Thirdly, you can choose the thickness of the curlers, the frequency of curling, and how they will be positioned: from the roots to add volume or, on the contrary, as romantic light waves.
And the last thing I would like to add is that curls after carving do not require special care. You can wash your hair, dry it, comb it, use various products, do your hair, and even, if desired, straighten it with a comb and hairdryer.

Let's move on to the cons. Unfortunately, long-term styling is not suitable for people with thin, weakened and bleached fragile hair. After all, the procedure is still a light “chemistry”, which means it dries out the hair and can make it even more damaged. It should not be done during lactation, or for women with heavy and thick hair: curls may either not work out or may not last long. The disadvantages of carving also include its comparative high cost.

Carving for short hair

There is a misconception that short hair They do not require any maintenance or daily styling. On the contrary, they are often picky and disobedient. Using carving, you can create volume at the roots, light curls, or cheerful curls. At the same time, short strands will look great and hold styling longer than long ones.

Long-term styling for medium hair

This procedure is perfect for owners of medium-length hair, since curling options can be completely different. Carving will help give volume to your curls, additional tone, and will retain its shape for a long time. Beautiful waves, small curls, curls, volume at the roots, at the ends, you can achieve any effect and for any occasion.

Features of carving long hair

Long beautiful curls They will always decorate a woman, but caring for them is the most difficult and responsible. And here you can make your life easier with long-term styling. But since long hair is heavier, it is not recommended to curl your hair along its entire length, it is better to limit yourself to the area at the roots or curl the ends separately so that the styling retains its shape for as long as possible.

Any hairstyle requires styling. But not every owner of long hair can spend time on this every day. The way out of this situation is long-term styling for long hair. What are the features of this procedure? What types are there? What effect can be achieved? Is it possible to do this styling yourself without resorting to the services of a specialist? Read in the article.

Long-term styling for long hair - advantages and disadvantages

This method of creating a hairstyle has a number of advantages compared to perm. Among the main advantages it should be noted:

No harm to the hair, since gentle ingredients are used to create volume and curls.
Restoring the damaged structure of curls due to the presence of keratin, silk proteins, wheat proteins and other plant extracts, as well as vitamin complexes in the preparations used.
You can forget about the need to use a curling iron or straightener every day.
The hairstyle gains additional volume, which does not disappear for several months.
This styling is suitable for colored hair. After the procedure, the shade will remain the same.
The curls gradually “go away”, straightening evenly. As a result, the hairstyle looks the same as before styling.
Easy to care for hair after the procedure.

In addition to the pros, it is also worth learning about the disadvantages of the technology. It is not suitable for too weakened curls, since you will first need to undergo a recovery course. In particular, if you have done bleaching, chemical treatment, or subjected your hair to other debilitating techniques, you will have to take the time to restore lost health to your hair. In addition, if you style on colored strands, the effect will last less than when curling natural curls. Another disadvantage is the high cost of the procedure.

Due to the large weight of long strands, the curls straighten fairly quickly. Therefore, not all styling techniques are applicable for long braids.

Long-term styling for long hair - large curls

Most best option for a long “mane” is to form large waves, which are created by using large-diameter curlers. To ensure a long-lasting effect, limit yourself to local styling. For example, a hairstyle with large curls on the lower half of the strands looks impressive and feminine. Also, the composition can be used to treat only the ends, forming large curls. A hairstyle with curled ends looks impressive and well-groomed and also eliminates the need for daily use of a curling iron or other similar devices.

Large curls are suitable for almost all women with long braids. The only exceptions are those with too thin, thin hair. In this case, it is important to find an experienced hairdresser who will be able to select a combination of different diameters of curlers so that the resulting hair looks voluminous and natural.

Types of long-term styling for long hair

There are several techniques for creating this hairstyle. They all differ in the composition used. Depending on this, different effects can be achieved. To choose the optimal technique, you should learn about the features of each of them.

Carving

If you want to become the owner of large waves, this is the one for you. This type of installation is considered the safest. To fix the shape of curls, gentle compositions are used that do not contain potent harmful components. It is based on fruit acids that do not damage the hair structure. This technique involves the use of various curlers and special devices. It is almost impossible to do it yourself. As a result, after the procedure it is possible to create luxurious waves on the lower half of the strands or light waviness along the entire length.

After the procedure, the hair becomes voluminous and acquires an attractive shine. Curls become obedient, soft and silky. They are saturated with useful components, thanks to which the lost hair health is restored.

If your hair lacks volume at the roots, carving can solve this problem. This procedure will provide spectacular root volume that will last from 4 to 9 weeks. In any case, this procedure must be trusted to specialists, even if the installation is performed locally. If you make a mistake in choosing the composition, you will ruin your hair.

Carving as a styling technique

Long-term styling in the form of large curls is usually done using carving, performed on the basis of a chemical composition. Its main elements are fruit acids, so we can safely say that carving is almost completely harmless to hair.

The advantage of this technique is the effect it has on appearance your hair. Hair becomes shiny, manageable and soft, and curls last for almost nine weeks.

The selection of the correct chemical composition of carving is carried out by the master when he has already assessed the type and structure of the hair.

In addition, carving allows you to work with hair in a localized manner; it can be performed on part of the hairline or on the entire head. Some of you yourself have probably noticed that your curls are quite voluminous, but there is not enough volume at the roots. This technique will allow you to hide such a “flaw”, and anyone looking at you will get the impression of a chic, flawless hairstyle.

You are probably wondering what kind of care your hair needs after carving. So here it is:

Use a curling iron, hair dryer, straightener, even curlers as little as possible. And for a week after installation they are generally prohibited;
use shampoos for textured hair;
hair should dry naturally after washing;
comb them only when dry, and use a brush with fine or medium teeth;
You can use gels and foams, as well as nourishing masks.

Concluding our introduction to the carving technique, we note that it will allow you to get:

volume – full or partial;
wavy structured strands that look natural or small curls;
emphasizing specific areas with curls of different sizes, using localized carving.

Advice! Entrust this procedure to professionals. The slightest mistake in choosing the composition can be disastrous for your curls.

Bioperm

Long-term styling of short hair can be done using bio-curling. In this case, the master uses a special protein - the main “building” element for hair. That is why with this technique the formula acts on curls gently and as harmlessly as possible. Keratin will reliably strengthen them and maintain the elasticity of curls for a long time.

Among the popular types of biowave:

with a moisturizing complex, when hair moisture is regulated, it becomes shiny and elastic. The result is a medium-hard hold that can also be used for medium-length hair;
with bamboo extract, recommended for those whose hair is brittle and damaged. Certain components of the formula restore the hair structure. The Italians consider this method theirs and recommend it for strands of different lengths;
with silk proteins, the method is the softest, therefore short-lived and best suited for short curls. But it is also the safest.

Bio-curling on your own is a rather difficult procedure to implement. Still, you have to work with chemicals, even though their formula is gentle. An experienced master will correctly apply each layer of the chemical, combine, if necessary, curlers of different sizes, thereby only highlighting the hairstyle favorably and creating expressive accents.

Yes, the procedure for home conditions is complicated! But nothing is impossible.

Try it yourself

This will take you a couple of hours. However, don’t be lazy, study first step by step instructions and watch the installation video course. Also handle very carefully chemicals. Their formula, of course, is gentle, but God protects the gentle.

For this you will need:

plastic curlers or special bobbins, if you can purchase them;
special tool. They are sold in professional cosmetics stores. And experts recommend Schwarzkopf products for colored curls as the most gentle product;
volume fixer of the same brand.

Wash your hair and dry, leaving the curls slightly damp. No hairdryer required. Remember? If your hair is colored, it is better to also use a protective spray;
roll the curlers. And start doing this from the ends;
Apply the composition drop by drop first, and only then go through the hair with the applicator three times;
now you can wrap your head in a towel or use an insulating cap;
some recommend warming it up well with a hairdryer, others consider it optional;
The time required for a good curl is indicated in the instructions. But, as experts advise, after 15 minutes, unwind one curl and check whether it easily takes the desired shape. Then decide whether to hold the curlers a little longer or whether they can be removed;
When the curlers are removed, rinse your hair with running water. No need to use any shampoos;
All that remains is to blot your hair with a towel and apply the fixative for the time specified in the instructions.

But always remember that the result may not meet your expectations.

Advice! If you did do something wrong. Lamination will help you protect and restore damaged hair after a poorly performed procedure.

Hair care and preservation of results

First of all, we remind you once again that hair dryers are prohibited for some time. You will have to replace your usual shampoo with a product for structured curls. Styling products can help you: various sprays, gels and foams. But don't overuse them.

Little tricks:

try not to touch your hair with your hands, especially the first few days. No need to wash your curls, comb them less often;
Do not use metal combs. They harm your hair. Even with a towel, gently blot your hair;
restorative procedures, such as nourishing masks, will not be superfluous.
Have you gotten tired of your curls? Gelatin masks will straighten stubborn curls and even create a lamination effect.

Is long-term styling right for you?

No matter how safe long-term styling may be considered, it is still a chemical procedure. So if your hair is weak and lifeless, it is not for you.

Have you just dyed your hair? Don't rush into long-term styling. The hair structure will suffer, and the styling itself may not work. Wait a little, a week or two. And if you painted with henna, then carving is prohibited.

If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, be careful. The hair is already damaged and weakened. Carving results can be unpredictable.

The hair is already damaged and weakened. Carving results may be unpredictable

Be careful not to do long-term styling if there are any damage, ulcers or wounds on your head.

You are the happy owner of long hair, and the same length. Before you decide on such styling, do “ cascade”, you will lighten your hair and increase the chances of an excellent hairstyle that will last long enough.

Keep in mind that long-term styling is not recommended for hair longer than twenty centimeters.

Advantages and Disadvantages

Benefits of long-term hair styling

The gentle composition practically does not damage hair and does not change color in dyed hair.

You don't have to cut it when you get tired of it. She will go away gradually

However, each procedure is not without its drawbacks.

So, the obvious disadvantages

On colored hair, the effect will last less than expected. And you will have to do styling on them no earlier than in a week.

Long-term hair styling is one of the latest advances in hairdressing. The procedure is classified as a chemical perm, but unlike its analogues, it practically does not harm the health of the strands and looks natural and expressive. The safety of styling is also confirmed by the fact that it can be repeated just a few months after creating the curls. As a rule, long-term hair styling is a salon procedure, but some types are quite accessible for home use. Let's consider all the features of the popular procedure.

A long-lasting hairstyle is a universal way to maintain an attractive appearance by creating beautiful styling every day. However, even a universal procedure has its own requirements. Long-term hair styling is suitable for:

strands, the length of which is not less than 7 cm, but does not exceed the permissible threshold of 22 cm. This does not mean that the beauty salon will refuse you a service if the length of your curls exceeds the specified 22 cm. However, going beyond the recommended limits, there is a risk of creating lower quality hairstyle (curls may not set well, curls may hold their shape for less time than the manufacturer claims). This procedure is soft and gentle, so its fixation force may not be sufficient for long hair;
strands that have a strong and thick structure. This will enable the curls to withstand chemical exposure without loss or stress, which still affects the curls to a small extent. At the same time, the strands should be soft enough so that the gentle styling formula can “tame” them;
strands, natural color who have not tolerated coloring or highlighting procedures in the near past. Curls need time to rest in order to “come to their senses” and restore structure;
, however, the most useful procedure is for oily hair. Long-term styling will dry them out somewhat, making them more voluminous and thick.

Features of long-term styling for long, medium and short hair

Long-term hair styling has several varieties, which, depending on the strength of fixation, have different effects on curls. It is recommended to choose them based on the length of the strands. Some types of styling are the easiest, they practically do not damage the hair, but their effect is not very expressive. They are suitable for weakened curls, as well as for short length hair.

The second option uses more aggressive components that provide a tighter curl shape and also guarantee their “life expectancy.” However, this technology is more destructive for curls. This form is preferable for long hair that needs strong hold to maintain style.

long-term styling for short hair– you should pay attention to small curlers that create expressive curls. The strands must be processed in the root zone, after which the hairstyle acquires the missing volume. This styling will make the image modern and interesting;
procedure for long hair– you can use curlers of various sizes, but keep the guideline on the shape of your face. Some masters can combine curls of different lengths, achieving a unique and original effect. After treatment, the strands will acquire a well-groomed appearance and the missing volume, however, due to their length and their own gravity, they will quickly straighten. The most appropriate option is to curl the hair at the roots or curl the ends. This will make the life of the styling longer, giving the hair a relaxed and at the same time well-groomed look;
- the most popular type of procedure, for the creation of which in most cases large curlers are used. Masters create airy and soft waves. At the same time, the average length will allow the hairstyle to last long enough, delighting you and those around you.

Laying technique – carving

Long-term hair styling for large curls is most often carried out using, which is based on a chemical composition. The main elements are fruit acids, so carving is practically harmless to the health of the strands, unlike perm.

The advantage of this technique is its effect on the appearance of hair, which acquires an attractive shine, becomes soft and manageable. The average lifespan of a hairstyle is about 9 weeks.

Before starting to create a hairstyle, specialists evaluate the type and structure of the hair, thanks to this it becomes possible to choose the right one. chemical composition carving. Minor errors in choosing the composition can have a detrimental effect on the strands, so it is recommended to entrust this type of procedure to professionals.

Long-term styling for medium hair is quite easy, but you shouldn’t overuse it. Between visits to beauty salons you should take breaks, giving time to restore the structure. After using carving, it is recommended to use professional nutrients that have a beneficial effect on the health of the strands.

Bioperm - as a type of long-term hairstyle

Long-term styling for short hair can be done using bio-curling. The technique is based on the use of a special protein, which is the main building block for hair, so the effect of the formula is mild and as harmless as possible. The keratin used allows you to strengthen the curls and keep the curls elastic for a long time.

Biowave - popular varieties:

with moisturizing complex– regulates hair moisture, makes it more shiny and elastic. Thanks to the soft formula, the fixation is of medium hardness, so the technique is suitable for short hair and medium-length strands;
with bamboo extract– recommended for use by owners of damaged and brittle hair, as additional components of the formula allow you to restore the structure. This method is traditionally considered Italian, suitable for any type of strand length;
with silk proteins– the softest fixation method, which has the shortest styling “lifetime”, does not fit well with long curls. At the same time, it causes minimal damage to the health of the strands and is considered the safest.

Long-term hair styling for large curls is carried out in several stages. First, you need to determine the reaction of your hair to the chemical composition of the product, since they are often individual and unpredictable. To do this, a fixation compound is applied to a small section of hair, after which the hairdresser can determine the optimal exposure time for the best result.

Long-term hair styling occurs as follows:

Bioperm is a rather complicated procedure to carry out independently. The application of each layer of chemical requires the experienced hands of a craftsman. In addition, professionals can combine curlers of different sizes, highlighting the hairstyle favorably or creating expressive accents.

Gentle chemistry

A regular perm is almost a death sentence for hair, which is why its popularity is rapidly declining today. It was relevant in the last century, when fashionistas had no alternative and were forced to compromise with the health of their own hair.

Today, the negative impact of “chemistry” on strands has been practically eradicated. This became possible thanks to a new and more gentle composition of the formula. The safest types of modern “chemistry” are neutral and acid perm.

The neutral type is universal and suitable for any hair type. Acid styling has a narrower specialty and is designed for soft and sensitive curls.

Analysis of advantages and disadvantages

Ladies who dream of turning straight hair into a head of luxurious curls often use conventional “chemicals”, which can cause serious hair damage. Professional hairdressers and stylists recommend paying attention to long-term styling, which has many advantages:

curls do not lose their natural shine and color saturation;
no harmful effect on the hair structure due to its gentle composition;
the technique is available not only as a salon procedure, it can also be carried out at home;
in case curly hair tired, and you want to return to straight strands again, there is no need to cut your curls. The hairstyle will straighten out on its own after the styling is complete. You can do this prematurely using an iron or a hair dryer and comb in tandem;
with the help of a long-term hairstyle, you save a lot of time on styling yourself;
the procedure can be repeated quite often - every one and a half to two months;
the procedure is perfect for those with oily hair, since the fixation composition affects the functioning of the sebaceous glands, preventing them from overworking;
the soft effect allows painting both before and after the installation procedure. However, professionals recommend changing the hair palette after creating a curl - the risk of a slight change in shade still remains.

Obvious disadvantages:

The technique is not suitable for all girls, since the maximum hair length for a high-quality and long-term result should not exceed 22 cm. An exception may be a cascade haircut, which creates a special combination of hair where long strands will not straighten under their own weight;
problematic care in the first days after installation - minor deviations from the recommendations can affect the length of time the curls are preserved;
combining styling with recent dyeing or highlighting is not recommended, as this will create additional stress on the strands;
After using a straightening iron, the wavy hair structure cannot be restored.

Long-term styling – is it worth going to the salon?

You can create a beautiful, long-lasting hairstyle at home. To do this, you will need a professional fixation device, curlers, additional attributes (gloves, cap, bowl) and follow the instructions. Before starting to create a hairstyle, it is recommended, as in a beauty salon, to test the reaction of the hair to the composition. If you find allergic reactions, you should contact a specialist.

The average duration of styling varies within 2 hours. Depending on the chosen installation method, the process of home “creation” may have its own specific nuances. General algorithm of actions:

and easy drying with a towel;
wet hair is divided into strands of equal size and wrapped in curlers. Make sure that the ends fit tightly to each other, otherwise the hairstyle may look somewhat sloppy;
dilute the styling compound in the prepared bowl, soak the sponge in the liquid and apply it to the curled strands several times;
a cap is put on the head. You can additionally “warm up” your hairstyle with a hairdryer, which will strengthen the hold. Next, you need to wait for the time indicated on the product packaging;
after the timer has worked, you should unwind one strand - if it has an elastic wavy structure, then you can “free” other curls;
wash off the remaining product from your hair with plain water without using shampoo. This must be done carefully, otherwise you may be haunted by an unpleasant smell of chemicals on your hair;
Then, using springy movements, the hair is covered with a fixing compound. Apply the fixative from top to bottom. Keep the product on your hair for the specified period of time, then wash your hair again;
After completing the procedure, you should not use a hairdryer, which can shorten the lifespan of a perfect hairstyle. Let the strands dry naturally.

Is long-term styling suitable for everyone?

Despite its relative safety, long-term hair styling is still a chemical procedure, and therefore has a number of contraindications. Girls who already have weak, lifeless and falling hair should not use styling.

It is necessary to take breaks between painting and carving. Otherwise, the hair structure suffers greatly, and styling on freshly colored curls may simply not work. It is extremely difficult to predict the outcome of the impact.

The procedure is also undesirable for pregnant and nursing mothers. As a rule, women's hair is already damaged due to stress experienced by the body. Besides hormonal changes can make carving results unpredictable.

The procedure is prohibited for all ladies who have allergic reactions. Styling is contraindicated in the presence of wounds, ulcers or any damage to the head. A long-term hairstyle cannot be created on strands that have been dyed with henna.

It is necessary to cut off the dyed strands and apply the fixative only to hair that is “clean” of dye. Taking hormonal drugs and antibiotics also puts a ban on visiting a beauty salon.

Hair care after the procedure

After long-term styling, hair acquires a radiant and attractive appearance, but its health can be spoiled. Using a mild shampoo and conditioner will help correct minor effects on the structure. In the first days after creating your hairstyle, you must follow general rules and instructions that will allow you to preserve your curls for as long as possible.

First of all, you should stop washing your hair for 2 days after perming. If you neglect the recommendation, the luxurious curls may fall apart already in the first week of their “use.” The fixative must penetrate into the structure of the curls, and premature washing of the hair can disrupt this process.

An important rule is proper combing of hair. To do this, use soft, wide-toothed combs or combs. Movements should be measured, without sudden jerks that straighten the structure of the strands.

Combing should only be done on dry hair. To dry your hair, it is recommended to use a towel, which should be used to gently wet the strands. Using a hair dryer is not advisable, especially in combination with a comb. If there is no time for natural drying, then an alternative is to use a hair dryer with cold air.

Special care products will help you maintain your hair in impeccable condition: mousses, gels, foams. In order to create the effect of lightness and naturalness, use products with minimal fixation force.

After long-term styling, hair can become brittle; masks and conditioners that nourish the hair and scalp will help prevent this phenomenon. necessary components. You can use both store-bought products and homemade recipes.

Hair carving - objective assessment

Long-term hair styling is of great interest among ladies of different ages. Many of them have already resorted to using this technique, and among them there are both satisfied and disappointed. As reviews on the Internet indicate, styling may not always turn out flawless. In order for the result to truly please you, the following conditions are necessary:

healthy curls - most often negative reviews are left by those girls who incorrectly assessed the condition of their curls, receiving over-dried buns instead of luxurious curls;
the quality of the product used - a common practice is to use conventional permanent chemicals instead of a special fixing composition in beauty salons. The quality of the product affects both the appearance and durability of the curls, as well as their health. To get high-quality results, choose Italian and German manufacturers, and also trust your hair to reliable hairdressers;
proper aftercare – hair after long-term styling requires special care and more gentle handling. Many women ignore these recommendations and often use straightening irons and hair dryers, complaining that their curls have become lifeless and dull.