Not or neither with different ones. When to write “not” and when to write “neither” with different parts of speech

It would be difficult for us to refuse anything if it were not for the negative particle. As one of the most commonly used functional parts of speech, it helps us express our attitude to a particular situation. We’ll talk about its role in the Russian language, as well as its varieties, in our article.

Particles

All parts of speech are usually divided into two large groups. The first includes independent words. They have their own meaning and are the basis of our speech. However, it would be difficult for us to compose a text using only this group. Therefore, the so-called service particles come to their aid. These include the negative particle. However, this is not the only variety of this group.

There are also the following:

• Forming the form: let, would, come on.
• Interrogative: really, really, really.
• Exclamation marks: how, what.
• Requirement: then, ka, s.
• Doubt: whether.

Each of them has its own specific purpose and special role in the Russian language. It would be difficult to express emotions without using particles.

"Nor"

Difficulties often arise in writing negative particles. It turns out that “not” and “neither” have completely different meanings. Each of the rules has a historical basis.

We will write “neither”:

• When we want to strengthen the existing denial. Let's compare two sentences:

1. There were no fish in the lake. 2. We didn’t see a single fish in the lake.

In the second sentence the negation is stronger than in the first. The emphasis is placed on the fact that the fishermen did not observe any fish at all in the reservoir, absolutely none.

• In complex sentences. This particle is very often used in the dependent clause.

For example: Everywhere I went, I thought about the sea.

I can’t learn the rules, no matter how hard I try.

• When using homogeneous and enumerated members.

Neither mathematics, nor biology, nor physics were completed by Petya on time.

• There is no predicate. Very often you can substitute the words “impossible” or “no” to them.

For example: No fire, no smoke (no).

Neither lie down nor rest (impossible).

The main function that this negative particle conveys is reinforcement.

"Not"

This auxiliary part of speech has a slightly different meaning. Usually we use “not” when we want to refuse something or give the word an antonymous meaning. Let's consider other cases when “not” is a negative particle:

• A double “no” is pronounced when making a statement.

For example: I couldn’t help but say this. I understood that it was impossible not to confess.

• In some exclamatory sentences denoting surprise we also write “not”:

How can you not admire this city! What color did not the sky flicker during a thunderstorm?

It is worth distinguishing between the spellings of “not” and “neither” in pronouns. In this situation, everything depends on the stress. In a strong position we write “E”: no one, NOT with anyone, NOT with anyone. We use “I” without emphasis: Not at all, NOT from anyone, NOT about anyone.

and gerunds

It is not easy for schoolchildren to remember the spelling rules for a given particle with different groups of speech. Each of them has its own spelling features. How is the particle “Not” written with participles? The answer to this question is simple: always separate. We immediately recall its similar spelling with the verb. The participle is formed precisely from it. Hence the same principle of their writing. For example: not doing - not doing, not sunbathing - not sunbathing.

However, there are cases when a word without this important particle is simply not used. In this case, we will write it together. Let's look at an example: To be indignant about the rain - to shout, indignant about the rain. Both with a verb and with a similar gerund, the negative particle is written together.

This rule is most easily remembered by students, since there are very few exceptions to it.

Particle "not" with nouns

The rules for spelling words are not always simple. For example, noun, as well as adj. and adverbs have their own pattern of using them with the particle “not”.

We will write it together in the following cases:

• Forming an antonym with “not”. For example: friend - foe, weather - bad weather, handsome - ugly, few - a lot.
• Impossibility of using words without “not”: Clumsy, scoundrel, slob, violently.

“Not” is written separately if:

• There is a clear contrast. It is usually expressed by the conjunction “a”. For example: The man turned out to be not his friend, but his enemy. Not luck, but complete collapse and disappointment awaited us.
• Denial is emphasized: It was not my mother who called on the phone (but someone else). We came not in the evening, but at night.
• There is a gain. For example: Our neighbor is not tall at all. My sister is by no means a sneak.

We have presented the main cases when the particle “not” with nouns is written both together and separately. Do not forget that adverbs with adjectives also fall under this rule. If you remember this important feature, then you won’t have to remember the spelling “not” for each part of speech separately.

"Not" with participles

Another case when a negative particle is written “not” rather than “neither” is when it is used with participles. Many people confuse its spelling with participles. These parts of speech are formed from verbs, but with “not” they are written completely differently.

Everyone knows that participles have the ability to form phrases using dependent words. In the case when it is used specifically as part of a phrase, we will write it separately from “not”. Example: A student who did not complete the exercise received a bad grade. As you can see, the participle “not completed” is written separately from “not”, since it has the dependent word “exercise”. In this case, it is included, which explains its spelling with a negative particle.

However, there is another side to this rule. In the case where there is no revolution, the participle changes its spelling. Let's look at an example: The exercise remains uncompleted.

It would seem that the meaning of the sentence has not changed. However, the syntax is completely different. Now the participle does not have any dependent words with it. This means that there is no reason to write it with the particle separately.

Let's change this example with just one word: The exercise remained uncompleted by the students. We note the difference: now a word has appeared that forms a participial phrase (by the disciples). In such a situation, we will write it separately from “not”.

Well, and, of course, as with every rule, there are exceptions. If the participle is not used without this particle, then we will write it together, regardless of whether there is a revolution or not. For example: The raging wind did not subside until dawn.

Conclusion

In this article, we looked at the main cases when “not” is a negative particle, and when it plays other roles. It should not be confused with “ni”: they have different spelling features. However, the main function of “not” is still negation. In some interrogative and exclamatory sentences we can use it as an affirmative. Also, do not forget that with each part of speech it is written differently.

Spelling of adverbs and particles.

86. Particles something, -something, -something, -something are attached to a word using a dash (hyphen): someone, something, somewhere, give me.

Note. If the particle some- (some-) is separated from the pronoun by a preposition, then the dash is not placed: with someone, with something(cf.: someone, something).

Particle -yes written with a dash in words after all, after all and then when it follows the verb: I finally found out. In other cases, the particle after all written separately:
1)I still don’t believe him;
2)Still, we don’t give up.

Particles Not And neither.

87. Particle Not written together with words that are not used without it: Not report, Not vezhda, Not avoidable Not tolerable Not unshakable Not conquerable(by no one) Not fading, Not year old Not maybe Not really, Not lzya etc.

88. Not written together with nouns, adjectives and adverbs -O in the event that a noun, adjective or adverb with Not means one concept; in this case, it does not give the speech a negative meaning and could be replaced by an unambiguous word without negation, for example: Not happiness(trouble) Not buddy(enemy), Not Truth(lie), Not high(short), Not expensive(cheap).

89. Not written separately from nouns, adjectives and adverbs when further opposition is given or implied.

Examples. This Not Truth. but a lie. He's tired Not study, but idleness Truth, what?", "no study, And what?" Not High mountains separate us, and low hills separate us. Not the one who is right is punished, and the one who is guilty is punished. He's still Not old. Apple Not tasty but disgusting. In these cases, you can always ask: “do not high, and which ones?", "not right, and which one?", "not tasty, what is it like?" (Cf.: The apple is green and Not tasty.) He entered Not cautiously but recklessly("Not carefully, but how?"). He Not knows a lot(he doesn’t know much, but knows little) (“not many, how much?”) [Compare: He is used to doing everything quickly, extremely Not carefully. He Not knows a lot(knows something)].

Note 1. You should pay attention to two cases of separate writing of a particle Not: 1) if with an adjective, noun or adverb (in -O ), which includes negation Not , there are explanatory words to strengthen the negation, expressed by negative pronouns or adverbs with neither (nothing , no use , not at all , not at all , nowhere etc.), then the particle Not written separately: nothing Not wonderful village; neither why Not capable person; neither In what sense Not success; neither to what extent Not successfully; 2) if the particle Not is part of intensifying negative combinations: far Not , not at all Not , at all Not , then these combinations are always written separately from the word following them (in such cases opposition is always implied): far Not profitable enterprise, not at all Not fair decision, at all Not stupid, at all Not Badly, far Not Friend etc.

On the contrary, in the presence of words denoting degree: very, very, extremely, extremely, completely, almost, partly- particle Not written together: the deal is very Not profitable(unprofitable), it's almost Not politeness(coarseness), very Not interesting(boring) story, acted to the highest degree Not carefully(rashly) this is extreme Not profitable(unprofitable).

76. Spelling particles NOT with different parts of speech, NOT and NI.

1. Written separately:

• particles would(b), same(g), whether(l) (would have read, would have gone, the same),
• particles here, after all, they say, as if, etc. (He's not from here. You know that!);

2. Written with a hyphen:

• particles of something, something, either, -ka, -de, -s, -tka, -tko, -yes (yes, someone, give it to him, quite)

Spelling particles NOT with different parts of speech

Tasks and tests on the topic "Spelling particles NOT with different parts of speech, NOT and NI."

• Particle as a functional part of speech - Particle 7th grade
• Particles - Morphology. Functional parts of speech grade 10

  Lessons: 1 Assignments: 9 Tests: 1

§ 88. Not written together:

1. In all cases when a word is not used without a negative particle, for example: ignorant, inevitable, unfortunate, indignant, unwell, unwell, lacking(meaning “not enough”), impossible, impossible, really, unbearable, unshakable, unharmed.

2. With nouns, if the negation gives the word a new, opposite meaning, for example: enemy, misfortune, if the negation gives a word that does not have this particle the meaning of opposition, negation, for example: non-specialist, non-Marxist, non-Russian, For example: disagreements between Marxists and non-Marxists; all non-specialists liked the report; a non-Russian will look without love at this pale, bloody, whip-scarred muse(Nekrasov).

3. With full and short adjectives and with adverbs ending in -o (-e), unless combining them with does not serve to deny any concept, but to express a new, opposite concept, for example: unhealthy appearance (i.e. sickly ), impossible character(i.e. heavy), the sea is restless (i.e. agitated), the matter is unclean (i.e. suspicious), come immediately(i.e. immediately, immediately), acted badly(i.e. bad).

4. With full participles, for which there are no explanatory words, for example: unfinished (work), unblown(flower), stainless (steel), unloved (child), unconcealed (anger), uncompressed (strip) (in such cases the participle is close to the adjective); But: work not completed on time, a flower not blooming due to the cold, a child not loved by the mother, students who have not yet been examined(in such cases the participle is close in meaning to the verb).

Note. With explanatory words denoting the degree of quality, not with the participle is written together (in these cases, the participles with are not close to the adjective), for example: extremely rash decision, completely inappropriate example, But: a completely inappropriate example(not written separately due to the presence of an explanatory word to the rule).

5. In pronouns, when not is separated from the subsequent pronoun by a preposition, for example: someone, something, no one, nothing(But: no one, no need, no one, no reason, no reason).

In pronominal adverbs, for example: no time, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere.

6. In adverbs there is no need (in the meaning of “aimlessly”, for example: there is no need to go there), reluctantly; in prepositional combinations despite, despite; in the interrogative particle really.

Writing adverbs and adverbial combinations that include a negation, a preposition and a noun or adjective (for example, unknowingly, inadvertently, by chance, beyond the power), determined by the rules laid down in § 83, paragraphs 5 and 6.

7. In the verb prefix nedo-, denoting non-compliance with the required norm, for example: nedo fulfill (perform below the required norm), nedo look (not enough, look bad, miss something), nedos sleep (sleep less than normal).

Note. From verbs with the prefix it is not necessary to distinguish verbs with the prefix do-, which have the negation not in front of them and denote an action that has not been completed, for example: not to read a book, not to drink tea, not to watch a play.

§ 89. Not written separately:

1. With verbs, including participial forms, for example: she doesn't drink, doesn't eat, doesn't speak; cannot help but see; without looking, without looking, without haste.

About continuous writing despite, despite and verbs with the prefix are missing - see § 88, paragraphs 6 and 7.

Note. Commonly used verb forms numb, numb, numb are written together.

2. In participles: a) in short form, for example: the debt is not paid, the house is not completed, the coat is not sewn b) in full form, when the participle contains explanatory words (see § 88, paragraph 4), and also when the participle contains or implies opposition, for example: he did not bring the finished work, but only individual sketches.

3. With nouns, adjectives and adverbs, if there is or is implied opposition, for example: It was not luck that led us to success, but endurance and composure; It’s not death that’s scary, it’s your disfavor that’s scary.(Pushkin); the morning came not clear, but foggy; the train is neither fast nor slow(implied: “at some average speed”); not tomorrow (there cannot but be a contrast here).

Note. You should pay attention to some cases of separate writing of the particle not. The particle is not written separately: a) if with an adjective, participle or adverb there is a pronoun starting with neither as an explanatory word, for example: no one (for anyone, etc.) needs a thing, never encountered error, not to anyone it is profitable to undertake this; b) if it is not part of intensifying negations far from, not at all, not at all, not at all, not at all, etc., preceding a noun, adjective or adverb, for example: he is not our friend at all, far from the only wish not at all fair decision not at all the best solution, far from sufficient.

4. With pronouns and pronominal adverbs, for example: not me, not this, not another, not like that, not otherwise, not like that. For cases of continuous writing not with pronouns and pronominal adverbs, see § 88, paragraph 5.

Note. The philosophical term not-self is written with a hyphen.

5. With intensifying adverbs, as well as with prepositions and conjunctions, for example: not very, not quite, not quite, not from..., not under..., not that... not that.

The expression is written separately more than once, for example: More than once he accused himself of being overly cautious.(Fadeev).

6. For unchangeable words that are not formed from adjectives and act as a predicate in a sentence, for example: don't mind, don't mind, don't be sorry.

7. For all words written with a hyphen, for example: all non-commercial and industrial enterprises; it is not said in Russian; They don’t sing in the old way.

§ 90. Neither is written together:

1. In pronouns, if the particle is not separated from the subsequent pronoun by a preposition, for example: no one, nothing, no one, nothing, no, no one's, no one's, no one's, But: no one, no one etc.

Think about the meaning

Particle neither write:

1. In incentive and quantitative proposals: Neither step! Neither from the spot! Neither sound!

2. With relative pronouns in subordinate clauses: Where neither look, there are people everywhere. More examples: where neither..., Where neither..., Which neither..., When neither..., How neither... etc.

3. In sentences in which the verb is used with a negative particle Not : Neither drops Not I'm afraid. Not met neither one familiar face. She was silent Not having said neither words.(Value Gain)

4. In negative pronouns: neither Who , neither What , neither to whom , neither what´ , neither Which, neither whose etc. If they are used with prepositions, they are written separately: neither from anyone, from nothing...

5. In revolutions: whatever neither it was, no matter what neither it was, wherever it went, from where neither take it, whatever it is neither it became that neither tell someone neither was and others like that.

6. In stable combinations: neither not a feather, neither alive neither dead neither during the day neither at night, neither end neither edges ( There is no comma between words included in a stable combination: He was sitting neither alive neither dead!)

Attention

In pronouns neither in an unstressed position, and in a stressed position - Not.

Particle neither and repeated negative-joining conjunction neither... nor...:

Neither to mother , nor She did not treat her father as warmly as her older brother. She couldn't read, nor write.
In sentences with a conjunction neither... nor... There is always a negation before a verb: He did not think about money, or fame, or position in society.