Development of coordination in children. How ataxia manifests itself in children and its treatment Impaired motor coordination 5 years

The process of muscle coordination necessary for successful execution motor function.

With the development of a motor skill, the coordination of movements changes, including the development of the inertia of moving organs. At first, control occurs due to active static fixation of these organs, then due to short-term physical impulses directed at a certain moment to the desired muscle.

At the final stages of coordination development, inertial movements are used. In an already established dynamically stable movement, balancing of all inertial movements occurs automatically, without producing additional correction impulses.

Coordination of movements is given to a person so that he can perform precise movements and control them. If there is a lack of coordination, this indicates changes occurring in the central nervous system.

Our central nervous system is a complex, interconnected formation of nerve cells located in the spinal cord and brain.

When we want to make any movement, the brain sends a signal, and in response to it, the limbs, torso or other parts of the body begin to move. If the central nervous system does not work coherently, if deviations occur in it, the signal does not reach the target or is transmitted in a distorted form.

Causes of impaired coordination of movements

There are many reasons for impaired movement coordination. These include the following factors:

• physical exhaustion of the body;
• exposure to alcohol, narcotic and other toxic substances;
• brain injuries;
• sclerotic changes;
• muscle dystrophy;
• catalepsy is a rare phenomenon in which the muscles weaken due to an explosion of emotions, say, anger or delight.

Lack of coordination is considered a dangerous deviation for a person, because in such a state it costs nothing to get injured. This often accompanies old age, as well as previous neurological diseases, a striking example of which in this case is stroke.

Impaired coordination of movements also occurs in diseases musculoskeletal system(with poor muscle coordination, muscle weakness lower limbs etc.) If you look at such a patient, it becomes noticeable that it is difficult for him to maintain an upright position and walk.

In addition, impaired coordination of movements can be a symptom of the following diseases:

Signs of impaired coordination of movements

People with such ailments move uncertainly, their movements show laxity, too much amplitude, and inconsistency. Having tried to outline an imaginary circle in the air, a person is faced with a problem - instead of a circle, he gets a broken line, a zigzag.

Another test for incoordination is to ask the patient to touch the tip of the nose, which also fails.

Looking at the patient’s handwriting, you will also be convinced that his muscle control is not all right, since letters and lines creep onto each other, becoming uneven and sloppy.

Symptoms of impaired coordination of movements

There are following symptoms movement coordination disorders:

Shaky movements

This symptom occurs when the muscles of the body, especially the limbs, weaken. The patient's movements become uncoordinated. When walking, he sways a lot, his steps become abrupt and have different lengths.

Tremor

Tremor is a shaking of the hands or head. There is a strong and almost imperceptible tremor. In some patients it begins only during movement, in others - only when they are motionless. With severe anxiety, the tremor increases; shaky, uneven movements. When the muscles of the body are weakened, the limbs do not receive a sufficient basis for movement. The patient walks unevenly, intermittently, the steps are of different lengths, and he staggers.

Ataxia

Ataxia is caused by damage to the frontal parts of the brain, cerebellum, and nerve fibers transmitting signals through the channels of the spinal cord and brain. Doctors distinguish between static and dynamic ataxia. With static ataxia, a person cannot maintain balance in a standing position; with dynamic ataxia, it is difficult for him to move in a balanced manner.

Motor coordination tests

Unfortunately, many people have poor coordination. If you want to test yourself, we offer you a very simple test.

Test No. 1

To do this, you need to perform the exercise while standing. Try pushing your toes and heels together while your eyes are closed.

Test No. 2

Another option to test your coordination is to sit on a chair and lift your right leg up. Rotate your leg clockwise, and at the same time draw the letter “b” with your right hand, imitating its silhouette in the air, starting from the “tail” of the letter.

Test No. 3

Try placing your hand on your stomach and stroking it clockwise while tapping your head with the other hand. If, as a result of the test, you completed all the tasks the first time, this is an excellent result. We congratulate you! You have good coordination. But if you were not able to immediately perfectly perform all of the above, do not despair!

Exercises to develop motor coordination

The greatest effect can be achieved if coordination is developed from 6-10 years of age. During this period, the child develops, learns dexterity, speed, accuracy, coordinating his movements in games and exercises.

You can develop coordination of movements with the help of special exercises and training, thanks to Pilates, breaking exercises, as well as with the help of other sports that involve various objects (fitball, dumbbells, jump ropes, medicine balls, sticks, etc.)

Coordination exercises can be done anywhere, for example:

In transport

Do not look for free space, but rather stand and do the exercise. Place your feet shoulder-width apart and try not to hold on to the car's handrails while driving. Perform the exercise carefully so that when you stop abruptly, you do not roll to the floor. Well, let the surprised passengers look at you, but soon you will have excellent coordination!

On a stepladder

Holding the ladder with your hands, go up and down. Once you have rehearsed a few ascents and descents, try doing the same exercise, but without using your hands.

Standing on the floor

You will need an apple in each hand. Imagine that you are in a circus ring and juggling. Your task is to throw apples up and at the same time catch them again. You can make the task more difficult by throwing both apples at the same time. As soon as you get the hang of throwing both apples and catching them with the hand that made the throw, proceed to a more complicated version of the exercise. Perform the same movement, but catch the apple with the other hand, placing your hands crosswise.

On a narrow curb

On a narrow curb you can perform a number of exercises that coordinate your movements. Find a narrow curb and walk along it every day until your gait becomes like that of a cat - graceful, smooth and beautiful.

There are a number of coordination exercises that can be done daily:

• do somersaults forward and backward;
• running, jumping and various relay races with a skipping rope;
• combining several exercises into one, for example, somersaulting and catching a ball;
• hitting the target with the ball.

Using the ball: hitting the wall and catching it, hitting the ball on the floor, throwing the ball from the chest to a partner in different directions (in this exercise it is necessary not only to throw the ball, but also to catch it in the same unpredictable directions).

Which doctors should you contact if there is a lack of coordination of movements:

Questions and answers on the topic "Coordination of movements"

Question:Hello. Everything constantly falls and flies out of my hands. And no matter how hard I try, I do everything slowly. Could this be due to poor coordination? Thanks in advance.

Answer: You need an in-person consultation with a neurologist.

Question:Lately, I've been stumbling quite often out of the blue for no reason. Could this be a lack of coordination? This has never happened before.

Answer: Can your gait be called unsteady, your movements uncoordinated? If yes, this is a reason to contact a neurologist in person.

Question:Tell me, if I remove my meningioma, will my coordination improve? Or is it cervical matters, where I also have a problem with hernias?

Question:Good afternoon. I can't figure out what it is. Sometimes coordination suddenly disappears, then it appears and everything is fine. I'm not falling. I am physically strong, I go in for sports.

Answer: Hello. There can be many reasons (see the section "Causes"), we recommend that you be examined by a neurologist so as not to trigger something serious.

Question:Hello! I have problems with coordination of movements. I constantly hit door frames, I just can’t “fit” into the door (it’s like I’m skidding). It’s difficult to stand on public transport, I’m constantly dangling like a rag in the wind, falling over every bump. Could this be a consequence of osteochondrosis (I’ve had it for 4 years now, in the cervical spine), or is it just a bad vestibular system and inattention?

Answer: Hello, this may be a consequence of cervical osteochondrosis, you need to see a neurologist.

Question:Hello. I have been sick for about 2 years (I am 25 years old). Loss of coordination of movement, dizziness when walking. Sitting, lying down, turning my head, I don’t feel dizzy. There was a strange sensation in my head, a spasm of blood vessels, at such moments it seemed to me that I might lose consciousness. There was a feeling of fear. Please answer me, what causes dizziness and how to treat it? Are there enough grounds to say that the cause is osteochondrosis of the cervical spine.

Answer: To clarify the diagnosis, it is necessary to consult a neurologist and otoneurologist, as well as perform vestibulometry and electrocochleography. Your condition may be associated with difficulty in venous outflow, but it is also necessary to evaluate the condition of the vestibular apparatus.

Question:Good afternoon What tests are there for motor coordination?

Answer: Walking at a normal and fast pace around the room, walking on your toes and on your heels, “tandem walking” (along a line, from heel to toe). When walking, you are asked to make a sharp turn, test with your hands at a given level. One of the coordination disorders is condensed speech, so the patient is asked to repeat the words “dear-dear” and a couple of short words. Eye movement may also be impaired, so a smooth pursuit test is performed. It may still appear sensitive ataxia, therefore, tests are carried out to identify them: the knee-heel finger test, the test for tracing a circle with a finger and drawing a figure eight in the air. For adiadochokinesis (pronation and supination of the hand, flexion and extension of the fingers).

Question:Hello! How to improve coordination of movements? Thank you.

Answer: Coordination of movements is a complex skill, or more precisely, a human quality. And training this quality is also quite difficult. Basically, it is trained in the process of performing complex movements. For example, try to rotate simultaneously, with your hands, in different planes. If, or rather when, it becomes easy for you, add rotations with your leg, or head, and other motor elements. Such complex movements as dancing, gymnastic exercises, wrestling techniques and hand-to-hand combat, also significantly improve the overall coordination of human movements.

Foreign researchers note that data from questionnaire studies constitute the primary criteria for diagnosing ADHD, and the study of motor skills is an additional link in understanding the basic mechanisms and physiological components of ADHD.

About 2-3% of primary school children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder do not have other functional disorders. The prevalence of minor neuropsychological abnormalities varies, but their presence is often reported in approximately 5% of children. Some studies suggest higher numbers. In studies by Danish specialists, 15% of schoolchildren had moderate neuropsychological deviations, and 6% of schoolchildren had minor neuropsychological deviations.

Motor difficulties manifest themselves in the performance of automated movements and fine motor skills. Despite the fact that gross motor skills are well developed, children with ADHD have noticeable difficulties in performing movements that require a high degree of automaticity and coordination (for example, rapid alternating movements, turning the arms in and out - pronation and supination, etc.). Sensory disorders include low sensitivity to cold and pain, sometimes combined with hypersensitivity to light touch, and decreased sensitivity to vestibular stimulation.

Violation of vestibular sensitivity.

According to many authors, movement is considered an important factor in the development of the generalizing function of the brain. The brain integrates disparate data from various sensations into a single whole. This process is called the integration of sensations and occurs when we perceive our body, nature, things, other people as something meaningful. In some children, including children with ADHD, the integration of sensations is poorly developed, that is, the brain cannot fully process the flow of sensitive information. J. Ayres calls this sensory-integrative dysfunction, which can manifest itself in low sensitivity to cold and pain, sometimes combined with hypersensitivity to light touch, and decreased sensitivity to vestibular stimulation.

Balance and vestibular sensitivity are central to the development of gross motor skills. Vestibular sensitivity is also associated with head position, eye motility, proprioception and other sensory systems whose information is necessary to maintain posture.
Deviations of vestibular sensitivity manifest themselves as hypersensitivity when it is stimulated - gravitational uncertainty (the child cannot tolerate rapid turns of the head, driving a car, etc.) or, conversely, a decrease in response to stimulation.

Hyperactive children have decreased sensitivity to vestibular stimulation. They tolerate swings and spins (swings, merry-go-rounds, slides) more easily than other children. When tested for vestibular stimulation - the child is quickly spun around in an office chair for 10 seconds - children with ADHD did not experience dizziness and the presence of nystagmus (fast and frequent involuntary eye movements in various directions, caused by periodic contractions of the corresponding oculomotor muscles).

In addition, hyperactive children have lower balance scores without visual control, that is, when performing a test with their eyes closed, compared to other children.

Impaired development of motor coordination and clumsiness.

Coordination problems are found in approximately half of ADHD cases. These may include problems with fine movements (tying shoelaces, using scissors, coloring, writing), balance (children have difficulty riding a skateboard and two-wheeled bicycle), or visual-spatial coordination (inability to play sports, especially with a ball).

A characteristic feature of developmental coordination disorder is a weakening of motor coordination that is not caused by a person’s medical condition. These children experience chronic decline in motor function, which hinders their ability to learn motor skills and prevents them from performing normal, everyday motor tasks as proficiently as their peers. Motor and neuropsychological tests and rating scales are used for diagnosis (see Table 1).

D.Dewey and B.J.Kaplan distinguish three types of developmental coordination disorders among children who belong to the category of “clumsy”:

Violation of the sequence of movements;
- violation of movement performance (impaired balance, coordination of movements, facial expressions);
- violation of the development of all motor skills.

The prevalence of developmental coordination disorder is approximately the same as that of ADHD. According to various studies, it is about 5-6% or slightly more if you take into account cases of moderate severity. “Poor coordination” was found in 8.1% of 30,000 7-year-old children examined. C. Giliberg et al reported that in a study of six- and seven-year-old children in Gothenburg and Karlstad, 50% of children who met criteria for ADHD also met strict criteria for motor-perceptual dysfunction. Every second child with ADHD also had a developmental coordination disorder. Motor impairment was found in 47% of children with five or more ADHD symptoms. The comorbidity of ADHD and motor-perceptual dysfunction was found at the same level in a third population study by Landgren et al. in Sweden. Approximately half of all 6-year-old children with ADHD meet criteria for motor dysfunction. The same “magic half” has been identified in other studies.

Table 1. Neuropsychological screening for developmental motor coordination disorders.

Note: The child is given only one attempt to complete the task. The test is designed for children 6-7 years old. For this age group, deviations in 2 or more points confirm the presence of developmental coordination disorders.

6 points of neuropsychological screening:

1. Jump up and down 20 times on one leg (on the right and left legs, the result is calculated separately).
Violations:
- running the test for more than 12 seconds;
- two or more stops on each leg.

2. Maintaining balance on one leg (on the right and left separately).
Violations:
- hold time less than 10 seconds on each leg.

3. Walk, arms down for 10 seconds.
Violations:
- bending the arms at the elbow joint by 60 degrees or more;
- shoulder abduction;
- the presence of synkinesis (movements of the tongue, lips);

4. Diadochokinesis - performing pronation and supination, arms extended forward for 10 seconds with each hand separately.
Violations:
- 10 or several supinations on each side;
- lag or incomplete rotation of the hands, clumsiness of movements;
- horizontal movement of the elbow joint by 15 cm or more;
- adiadochokinesis - the inability to quickly and uniformly perform alternating opposite movements
direction of movements.

5. Cutting a circle of paper (10 cm diameter) from a rectangular sheet.
Violations:
- 20% or more of the circle is cut off;
- 20% or more is left near the surface of the circle;
- 2 or more minutes were used to complete the task.

6. Copying (using paper and pencil).
Violations:
- based on the specifics of the test.

Attempts to search for mechanisms or psychological processes underlying the developmental impairment of coordination have yielded conflicting results that do not allow satisfactory conclusions to be drawn. Researchers share the view that some problems with perceptual or executive mechanisms, or both, underlie the disorder. The most common perceptual and motor deficits relate to visual perception, kinesthetic perception, multimodal perception, response selection, and motor programming. Problems with visual memory and processing speed are also possible candidates for this list. It is also possible that developmental coordination disorder is not a uniform syndrome, and problems in different processes or stages of motor planning create difficulties in different subtypes of developmental coordination disorder. The same type of motor impairment can have a different nature and a different scope of deficit.

M.B.Denckla et al., E.T.Carte created exclusively motor tasks to establish the time required to repeat simple movements or sequences of movements of the finger, hand and foot. They report that gross motor slowing most accurately differentiated the ADHD group from the control group. More subtle motor deficits, observed during the performance of motor tasks and affecting the quality of movements rather than their speed, have also been found in cases of ADHD. They include especially involuntarily associated movements, such as imitation. However, J. Steger et al found that 11-year-old children with ADHD did not have neuromotor deficits except that they were slower than controls in performing finger movements compared to hand movements. In other words, children with ADHD have specific problems performing motor tasks that require fine motor skills.

J. P. Piek et al compared boys of the predominantly inattentive subtype of ADHD, the combined subtype, and children from the control group using the Alphabet of Movement Test. Children with ADHD had significantly poorer motor skills than control children. Children with attention deficit dominant inattention had significantly lower fine motor skills, while children with attention deficit combined type (attention deficit dominant inattention and attention deficit dominant hyperactivity and impulsivity) showed greater difficulties in gross motor skills. In this study, symptoms of inattention were a more accurate indicator of motor ability compared to hyperactivity.

Hand clumsiness as a measure of fine motor skills showed significant differences between groups—children with attention deficit disorder with dominant inattention had significantly more awkward hand movements than controls. In contrast, results from balance studies showed that a group of children with a combined subtype of ADHD (attention deficit with dominant inattention and attention deficit with dominant hyperactivity and impulsivity) had significantly lower balance scores than children with attention deficit with dominant inattention and the control group. The results indicate that children with inattention and co-occurring hyperactivity are at greatest risk for gross motor difficulties.

This is consistent with other studies reporting that gross motor and motor skills physical health children with ADHD are significantly below normal.

Research by I. P. Bryazgunov and E. V. Kaskatikova revealed insufficient development of fine motor skills in children with ADHD.

Our studies showed that the greatest differences were found when studying static coordination (the need to maintain balance) and dynamic coordination of movements in children with ADHD and the control group.

In girls with ADHD aged 7-10 years, static coordination scores were significantly lower than in girls without this syndrome. In boys, significant differences in motor coordination indicators were noted at the age of 9 years. To the rest age periods Boys with ADHD have slightly lower results than boys without this syndrome. A test for auditory-motor coordination revealed difficulty in reproducing the correct sequence of blows in 30% of boys and 26% of girls without identified deviations and 36% of boys and 28% of girls with ADHD.

Consequently, motor impairments in children with ADHD can be attributed, first of all, to impaired coordination abilities.

It can be concluded that there is a connection between attention deficits and motor control disorders, and at least 5% of young schoolchildren may suffer from severe forms of ADHD, developmental coordination disorder, or a combination of both. Moreover, problems of motor control, according to some authors, decrease with age, but not in all cases.

Motor correction.

The specificity of motor development of children with ADHD requires special activities aimed at improving the quality of movements. The purpose of special psychomotor education is to improve motor coordination, reduce hyperactivity, impulsivity, and increase concentration.

According to a number of studies of the state of the cardiovascular system, higher lability of the autonomic nervous system in 2/3 of sick children compared to the control group, which suggests a decrease in orthostatic adaptation in children with the syndrome. A hyperkinetic reaction of the circulatory system was revealed at low and medium loads when determining physical performance. At maximum loads, the functionality of the circulatory system was leveled, and the maximum oxygen transport corresponded to the indicators in the control group.

Thus, children with the syndrome needed more energy release than healthy children. All these data must be taken into account when organizing physical education classes for children with ADHD.

According to R.S. Jensen, children with the syndrome are more likely to be depressed due to conflict situations at school and at home, a sense of failure, and rejection by peers. 25% of children with ADHD have elevated or high levels of anxiety. They adapt poorly to new conditions and are more susceptible to negative stress factors.

Hyperactive children are overly excitable, so their participation in activities involving large crowds of people should be excluded or limited.

For children with ADHD, D.P. Kelly recommends avoiding stress, heavy physical work and other factors that cause overstrain of the central nervous system. In this regard, a gentle regime is necessary in the learning process - a minimum number of children in classes (no more than 12), a shorter duration of classes (up to 30 minutes). It is necessary to provide children with the opportunity to expend excess energy in physical exercise, long walks, running, and avoid fatigue when performing tasks, since fatigue increases hyperactivity.

The psychoemotional characteristics of children with the syndrome are associated with abnormalities in catecholamine metabolism. Excessive release of catecholamines causes the development of a stress reaction in children with the syndrome more often than in other children. According to N.N. Timofeev and L.P. Prokopyeva, excessive adrenergic influence can be inactivated by emptying the catecholamine depot. For this purpose, it is recommended to include long-term physical activity in your daily routine.

It must be borne in mind that not all types of physical activity can be indicated for hyperactive children. Games with a strongly expressed emotional component (competitions, demonstration performances), as well as sports with a statistical load (powerlifting) should be avoided. Physical exercises of an aerobic nature are recommended in the form of long, uniform training of light and medium intensity: long walks, jogging, swimming, skiing, cycling, water tourism and hiking. Particular preference should be given to long, steady running, which has a beneficial effect on mental state, relieves tension, improves well-being.

If a child has severe motor disinhibition, submaximal and maximum loads are effective for normalizing catecholamine metabolism and the state of the sympatho-adrenal system. However, this takes a lot of time. An alternative could be classes in a sports section (3-4 times a week). When choosing it, it is necessary to give preference to athletics group sports that involve intense dynamic load. At constant physical activity Stress reactivity decreases, motor control increases and, in general, the adaptive adaptability of the body increases.

The development of inhibitory mechanisms is reinforced by exercises accompanied by music, so it is good to use musical accompaniment in physical education classes. Positive influence It is used to correct visual activity: for example, playing “Blobs” helps reduce the excitement of children who are too emotionally disinhibited.

For children with the syndrome, rhythmic motor exercises at home are recommended for 30 minutes 2 times a day with a heart rate of 150 beats per minute. Recommended time for classes: in the morning before school and in the afternoon, after rest. Classes with one of the parents, older brothers and sisters, and friends are desirable. You can include elements of games and competitions in your classes. Hyperactive children should strive to achieve maximum loads. However, care must be taken that they do not become overtired.

Due to the fact that children with ADHD have impaired balance function, it is necessary to perform exercises to train the vestibular analyzer (see).

When giving recommendations on a rational motor regimen for children with attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity disorder, the doctor must take into account not only the characteristics of this disease, but also the height and weight data of the child’s body, as well as the presence of physical inactivity. Only muscle activity creates the prerequisites for the normal development of the body in childhood, and children with the syndrome, as literature data show, due to general developmental delay, may lag behind healthy peers in height and body weight.

Currently, employees of the Institute of Child Development have developed and are introducing into the practice of preschool and school educational institutions sets of exercises for classes with children with ADHD (see Approximate complexes of motor correction for children with ADHD). The impact on the sensorimotor level, taking into account the general laws of ontogenesis, causes activation in the development of all higher mental functions. It is the basis for the further development of the VPF. Motor methods not only create some potential for future work, but also activate, restore and build interactions between different levels and aspects of mental activity. It is obvious that the actualization and consolidation of any bodily skills presuppose the external demand for such mental functions as, for example, emotions, perception, memory, self-regulation processes, etc. Consequently, a basic prerequisite is created for the full participation of these processes in mastering reading, writing, and mathematics. knowledge.

The program is designed to work with children of primary school age. The teacher or psychologist is expected to use the complexes creatively: he can, taking into account the time allocated for their implementation, as well as the level of development of the children and his own training, select a certain amount of information. It is possible to divide the complexes into several parts, depending on the nature of the teacher’s work.

It should be noted that the elements of the complexes can be used when conducting physical education breaks, physical education minutes, active breaks, in extended-day groups, physical education classes, rhythmic gymnastics, etc. in lessons.

The human body is the most complex system imaginable. We don't think about how to take a step or clench our hand into a fist. But to ensure even the simplest movement, a whole cascade of reactions and interactions is needed, starting from awareness of the need to perform a particular action and to transmitting an impulse to the muscle. And all this is coordinated and controlled by the human nervous system. If at least one of the links fails, a violation of coordination of movements occurs, when a person loses the ability to perform precise processes, instability appears when walking, in severe cases the patient is unable to even get out of bed and needs constant assistance.

More often, problems with coordination are observed in people of older age groups. As the body ages, the activity of the nervous system slows down somewhat. In addition, with age, a certain “baggage” of diseases accumulates, which can cause impaired coordination of movements (discoordination). The most susceptible to pathology are people who have worked with small parts for many years, as well as people suffering from vascular pathology, with a history of injuries to the nervous system or musculoskeletal system, and abusing alcohol and drugs.

Causes of coordination problems in children

1. Early organic damage to the central nervous system, which can be caused by insufficient oxygen supply to the child’s brain during pregnancy, childbirth and after it.

2. Cerebral palsy.

3. Injuries to the nervous system and limbs (during childbirth, household injuries, car accidents).

4. Hereditary diseases (Friedreich's disease, Glippel-Lindau syndrome, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher demyelinating encephalopathy and others).

5. Infectious diseases and inflammatory processes of the brain and its membranes:

• meningitis;
• encephalitis.

6. Intoxication:

• medicinal, as a result of use high doses medicines;
• poisoning with carbon monoxide, heavy metals, chemical compounds;
• endogenous (hepatitis, severe viral or bacterial infection, kidney pathology).

In young children, it is impossible to detect the presence of coordination disorders. Pathology can be noticed only after the child learns to perform voluntary actions (pick up a toy, bring a spoon to his mouth).

Causes of coordination problems in adults

For adults, all of the above reasons are valid. But while in children most changes are congenital, in adults acquired diseases come to the fore:

1. Vascular pathology of the brain:

• stroke;
• atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels;
• encephalopathy.

2. Parkinson's disease.

3. Tumors.

4. Intoxication of the body:

• alcoholic;
• narcotic;
• hepatic as a result of cirrhosis;
• renal for acute or chronic renal failure.

5. Diseases and injuries of the musculoskeletal system.

Loss of coordination with dizziness

Often coordination disorders are accompanied by dizziness. This is a sign that in pathological process The brain is involved, namely its vestibular center, which is responsible for the balance of the body in space. In addition to dizziness and incoordination, additional concerns may include:

• nausea, sometimes vomiting, sharply increasing when turning the head or any movements;
• pain and discomfort in cervical spine spine;
• headaches, noise in the head;
• increased blood pressure.

Causes of poor coordination with dizziness:

1. Stroke in the veno-basilar basin and other vascular pathology.
2. Cervical osteochondrosis, in which there is a decrease in blood flow to the brain, ischemia of its centers develops.
3. Meniere's disease- disease of the inner ear.
4. Hypertension. As pressure increases, the lumen of blood vessels decreases, which leads to disruption of the nutrition of the vestibular centers.
5. Tumors, brain cysts.

Treatment for impaired coordination of movements

The key to success in the treatment of coordination disorders is finding out their cause. If it can be eliminated, coordination defects may completely disappear. But most processes are often irreversible; the development of some of them can be slowed down or suspended. In any case, when incoordination occurs, the nervous system is involved to one degree or another, so drugs to nourish neurons must be prescribed:

• nootropics (piracetam, emoxypine);
• neuroprotectors (cerebrolysin, cortexin, gliatilin);
• activators of cellular metabolism (Actovegin, Ceraxon).

In case of acute vascular pathology, immediate treatment is required in order to stop the process of neuronal death and minimize the consequences of the disaster. In other situations, therapy is carried out in courses 2-3 times a year and during exacerbations. In addition, in each specific case it is necessary to prescribe drugs aimed at the cause (antiparkinsonian, antihypertensive).

Congenital pathology and hereditary diseases are practically not amenable to drug correction, so symptomatic treatment is carried out. Of great importance in restoring coordination disorders is physical therapy, which must be constant. Physiotherapy methods, acupuncture, and massage are used.

Impaired coordination of movement (ataxia) is a symptom of a certain pathological process that provokes disruption of the central nervous system, in particular the brain, less often than other body systems. To eliminate the symptom, a comprehensive diagnosis and elimination of the root cause is required. Self-medication is unacceptable, as it can lead to the development of serious complications, including disability and death.

Etiology

Impaired coordination of movements in children or adults can be caused by the following etiological factors:

• head injuries or spinal cord;
• autoimmune diseases;
• physical exhaustion of the body;
• excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages;
• exposure to narcotic substances;
• muscle dystrophy;
• catalepsy is a pathological process that is characterized by weakening of muscles as a result of severe emotional shock, stress, or an attack of anger;
• sclerotic changes;
• age-related changes in older people.

In addition, impaired coordination of movements can also be observed in diseases of the musculoskeletal system.

Symptoms

TO common features the following should be included:

• unsteadiness of gait and standing;
• clarity and coherence of movements are lost;
• trembling of the limbs and head is noted;
• movements become uncertain;
• feeling and .

Depending on the main factor of the movement disorder, clinical manifestations may be supplemented by specific signs that are characteristic of a particular disease.

In pathologies that affect the brain and central nervous system, the following additional signs may be observed:

• , for no apparent reason;
• dizziness;
• feeling of weakness in the legs;
• , possibly with seizures;
• unstable blood pressure;
• change in breathing rhythm;
• disorders of a psychoneurological nature - visual or auditory hallucinations, delusions, impaired clarity of consciousness.

Due to the above violations, a person may fall. Depending on the extent of the injuries, the patient may also experience impaired consciousness.

With physical exhaustion of the body, the following clinical picture may be observed:

• , even with little physical activity;
• nausea and vomiting;
• changes in stool frequency and consistency;
• symptoms of muscle atrophy.

In diseases of the musculoskeletal system, the general clinical picture may be supplemented by pain in the affected joints, impaired motor function, and limited movement.

Regardless of what symptoms are present, if this symptom is present, you should immediately consult a doctor.

Diagnostics

First of all, the doctor clarifies the complaints, medical history, and life of the patient, after which he conducts a thorough objective examination of the patient. To determine the root cause factor, the following laboratory and instrumental diagnostic methods are used:

• general blood and urine analysis;
• expanded biochemical analysis blood;
• ultrasound examination internal organs.

Depending on the current clinical manifestations, the diagnostic program may be adjusted. The doctor describes treatment tactics only after diagnosis accurate diagnosis, which is established based on the survey results.

Treatment

Elimination of this disorder is carried out comprehensively. Basic therapy will depend on the underlying factor. Drug treatment may include taking the following drugs:

• neuroprotectors;
• nootropics;
• activators of cellular metabolism.

Except drug treatment, the program must be signed physical exercise. Gymnastics for problems with balance and coordination can speed up the process of recovery and rehabilitation.

As for prevention, in this case there are no specific recommendations, since this is not a separate disease, but a nonspecific symptom. At the first symptoms, you should consult a doctor and not self-medicate.

Normal growth and development of a child is ensured by the coordinated work of all muscles. In this regard, the development of motor coordination in children is of great importance. Almost all parents from an early age pay attention to training mobility, agility and rhythm. These activities allow not only to improve acquired movement skills, but also to coordinate the interaction of excitatory and inhibitory processes in the children's brain. At the same time, the work of the central nervous system is coordinated. Parents and teachers participate in this developmental process, which allows for better results.

Development of motor coordination at an early age

Coordination must be developed already in the very early age. As a result, coordinated muscle activity gradually appears. There is a connection of individual moving parts into a single whole action. Motor coordination continues to develop until approximately 18 years of age, as the skeleton develops. Many organs are involved in its development.

Particular importance is attached to the cerebellum, the active development of which begins at the age of six months and ends by 4-5 years. It is this organ that influences the skills and abilities of a baby who begins to sit at six months, crawl at 8 months, stand on his feet at 9 months, and take his first steps at 11 months. At about one and a half years old, a child begins to walk quite confidently. The cerebellum continues to develop and gradually moves to a higher level. At 3-4 years of age, there is a qualitative improvement in motor functions. The child’s learning ability improves significantly, and he is able to perform new, more complex tasks.

Coordination of movements largely depends on the vestibular apparatus. The development of this function begins in the prenatal period, and is finally formed in the process of development by approximately 12-15 years. The main role of the vestibular apparatus is to ensure that a person walks straight. It is with its help that the first steps are taken, and various deviations and disturbances can cause an uncertain, so-called “drunk” gait.

Development and improvement of movement coordination

The child’s coordination abilities are trained through physical activity, which includes performing a variety of movements at different speeds. Such movements should not be performed chaotically. Therefore, special developmental exercises have been developed that require proper organization, a certain level of load and time restrictions.

For young children, there are playful forms of activities using balls, balls, jump ropes, hoops and other devices. Equipment for classes is most often made of wood, plastic, metal and other materials with different colors and textures.

The duration of gaming exercises should not exceed 5-7 minutes. As a rule, such games are held in the form of competitions, where a large number of children are involved. If necessary, the child can complete individual developmental tasks. The rules of each game should be simple and understandable. The main goal is the correct fulfillment of specified conditions.

IN younger age Each exercise is done several times together with parents. After consolidating the necessary skills, you can organize competitions, including speed of execution. It is advisable that children's cheerful music be turned on during classes. If fatigue sets in, the game must be stopped, otherwise the exercises will not bring the desired results. Games and exercises for the development of motor coordination in children are chosen by parents, taking into account individual interests and preferences. During the course of classes, new ideas may appear, which are gradually put into practice.