Home » Plastic surgery » Human lymphatic system diagram of lymph movement drawing. How does the human lymphatic system work and what does it affect?

Human lymphatic system diagram of lymph movement drawing. How does the human lymphatic system work and what does it affect?

Lymphatic system – an integral part of the vascular system, which drains tissues through the formation of lymph and conducts it into the venous bed (additional drainage system).

Up to 2 liters of lymph are produced per day, which corresponds to 10% of the volume of fluid that is not reabsorbed after filtration in the capillaries.

Lymph is the fluid that fills the lymphatic vessels and nodes. It, like blood, belongs to the tissues of the internal environment and performs trophic and protective functions in the body. In its properties, despite its great similarity with blood, lymph differs from it. At the same time, lymph is not identical to the tissue fluid from which it is formed.

Lymph consists of plasma and formed elements. Its plasma contains proteins, salts, sugar, cholesterol and other substances. The protein content in lymph is 8-10 times less than in blood. 80% of the formed elements of lymph are lymphocytes, and the remaining 20% are other white blood cells. There are normally no red blood cells in lymph.

Functions lymphatic system:

Tissue drainage.

Ensuring continuous circulation of fluid and metabolism in human organs and tissues. Prevents the accumulation of fluid in the tissue space with increased filtration in the capillaries.

Lymphopoiesis.

Transports fats from the site of absorption in the small intestine.

Removal from the interstitial space of substances and particles that are not reabsorbed in the blood capillaries.

Spread of infection and malignant cells (tumor metastasis)

Factors ensuring lymph movement

Filtration pressure (caused by the filtration of fluid from blood capillaries into the intercellular space).

Constant formation of lymph.

Availability of valves.

Reduction of surrounding skeletal muscles and muscle elements internal organs(lymphatic vessels are compressed and lymph moves in the direction determined by the valves).

Location of major lymphatic vessels and trunks nearby blood vessels(the pulsation of the artery compresses the walls of the lymphatic vessels and helps the flow of lymph).

Suction action chest and negative pressure in the brachiocephalic veins.

Smooth muscle cells in the walls of lymphatic vessels and trunks .

Table 7

Similarities and differences in the structure of the lymphatic and venous systems

Lymphatic capillaries– thin-walled vessels, the diameter of which (10-200 microns) exceeds the diameter of blood capillaries (8-10 microns). Lymphatic capillaries are characterized by tortuosity, the presence of narrowings and expansions, lateral protrusions, the formation of lymphatic “lakes” and “lacunae” at the confluence of several capillaries.

The wall of the lymphatic capillaries is built from a single layer of endothelial cells (in the blood capillaries there is a basement membrane outside the endothelium).

Lymphatic capillaries No in the substance and membranes of the brain, cornea and lens eyeball, splenic parenchyma, bone marrow, cartilage, epithelium of the skin and mucous membranes, placenta, pituitary gland.

Lymphatic postcapillaries– an intermediate link between lymphatic capillaries and vessels. The transition of the lymphatic capillary into the lymphatic postcapillary is determined by the first valve in the lumen (the valves of the lymphatic vessels are paired folds of the endothelium and the underlying basement membrane lying opposite each other). Lymphatic postcapillaries have all the functions of capillaries, but lymph flows through them only in one direction.

Lymphatic vessels are formed from networks of lymphatic postcapillaries (capillaries). The transition of a lymphatic capillary into a lymphatic vessel is determined by a change in the structure of the wall: along with the endothelium, it contains smooth muscle cells and adventitia, and in the lumen there are valves. Therefore, lymph can flow through the vessels only in one direction. The area of the lymphatic vessel between the valves is currently designated by the term "lymphangion" (Fig. 58).

Rice. 58. Lymphangion is a morphofunctional unit of a lymphatic vessel:

1 – segment of the lymphatic vessel with valves.

Depending on the location above or below the superficial fascia, lymphatic vessels are divided into superficial and deep. Superficial lymphatic vessels lie in the subcutaneous fat above the superficial fascia. Most of them go to the lymph nodes located near the superficial veins.

There are also intraorgan and extraorgan lymphatic vessels. Due to the existence of numerous anastomoses, intraorgan lymphatic vessels form wide-loop plexuses. The lymphatic vessels emerging from these plexuses accompany the arteries, veins and exit the organ. Extraorgan lymphatic vessels are directed to nearby groups of regional lymph nodes, usually accompanying blood vessels, often veins.

Along the path of the lymphatic vessels there are lymph nodes. This is what causes foreign particles, tumor cells, etc. are detained in one of the regional lymph nodes. The exceptions are some lymphatic vessels of the esophagus and, in isolated cases, some vessels of the liver, which flow into the thoracic duct, bypassing the lymph nodes.

Regional lymph nodes organs or tissues are lymph nodes that are the first on the path of lymphatic vessels carrying lymph from a given area of the body.

Lymphatic trunks- These are large lymphatic vessels that are no longer interrupted by lymph nodes. They collect lymph from several areas of the body or several organs.

There are four permanent paired lymphatic trunks in the human body.

Jugular trunk(right and left) is represented by one or several vessels of small length. It is formed from the efferent lymphatic vessels of the lower lateral deep cervical lymph nodes, located in a chain along the internal jugular vein. Each of them drains lymph from the organs and tissues of the corresponding sides of the head and neck.

Subclavian trunk(right and left) is formed from the fusion of the efferent lymphatic vessels of the axillary lymph nodes, mainly the apical ones. It collects lymph from the upper limb, from the walls of the chest and mammary gland.

Bronchomediastinal trunk(right and left) is formed mainly from the efferent lymphatic vessels of the anterior mediastinal and superior tracheobronchial lymph nodes. It carries lymph away from the walls and organs of the chest cavity.

The efferent lymphatic vessels of the upper lumbar lymph nodes form the right and left lumbar trunks, which drain lymph from the lower limb, walls and organs of the pelvis and abdomen.

A non-permanent intestinal lymphatic trunk occurs in approximately 25% of cases. It is formed from the efferent lymphatic vessels of the mesenteric lymph nodes and 1-3 vessels flow into the initial (abdominal) part of the thoracic duct.

Rice. 59. Basin of the thoracic lymphatic duct.

1 – superior vena cava;

2 – right brachiocephalic vein;

3 – left brachiocephalic vein;

4 – right internal jugular vein;

5 – right subclavian vein;

6 – left internal jugular vein;

7 – left subclavian vein;

8 – azygos vein;

9 – hemizygos vein;

10 – inferior vena cava;

11 – right lymphatic duct;

12 – cistern of the thoracic duct;

13 – thoracic duct;

14 – intestinal trunk;

15 – lumbar lymphatic trunks

The lymphatic trunks flow into two ducts: the thoracic duct (Fig. 59) and the right lymphatic duct, which flow into the veins of the neck in the area of the so-called venous angle, formed by the connection of the subclavian and internal jugular veins. The thoracic lymphatic duct flows into the left venous angle, through which lymph flows from 3/4 of the human body: from lower limbs, pelvis, abdomen, left half of the chest, neck and head, left upper limb. The right lymphatic duct flows into the right venous angle, which brings lymph from 1/4 of the body: from the right half of the chest, neck, head, and from the right upper limb.

Thoracic duct (ductus thoracicus) has a length of 30-45 cm, is formed at the level of the XI thoracic – 1st lumbar vertebrae by the fusion of the right and left lumbar trunks (trunci lumbales dexter et sinister). Sometimes at the beginning the thoracic duct has extension (cisterna chyli). The thoracic duct is formed in the abdominal cavity and passes into the chest cavity through the aortic opening of the diaphragm, where it is located between the aorta and the right medial crus of the diaphragm, the contractions of which help push lymph into the thoracic part of the duct. At level VII cervical vertebra The thoracic duct forms an arc and, going around the left subclavian artery, flows into the left venous angle or the veins that form it. At the mouth of the duct there is a semilunar valve that prevents blood from entering the duct from the vein. IN top part The thoracic duct flows into the left bronchomediastinal trunk (truncus bronchomediastinalis sinister), which collects lymph from the left half of the chest, as well as the left subclavian trunk (truncus subclavius sinister), which collects lymph from the left upper limb and the left jugular trunk (truncus jugularis sinister), which carries lymph from the left half of the head and neck.

Right lymphatic duct (ductus lymphaticus dexter) 1-1.5 cm long, is being formed at the fusion of the right subclavian trunk (truncus subclavius dexter), carrying lymph from the right upper limb, the right jugular trunk (truncus jugularis dexter), collecting lymph from the right half of the head and neck, the right bronchomediastinal trunk (truncus bronchomediastinalis dexter), bringing lymph from the right half of the chest. However, more often the right lymphatic duct is absent, and the trunks that form it flow into the right venous angle independently.

Lymph nodes of individual areas of the body.

Head and neck

In the head area there are many groups of lymph nodes (Fig. 60): occipital, mastoid, facial, parotid, submandibular, submental, etc. Each group of nodes receives lymphatic vessels from the area closest to its location.

Thus, the submandibular nodes lie in the submandibular triangle and collect lymph from the chin, lips, cheeks, teeth, gums, palate, lower eyelid, nose, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. In the parotid lymph nodes, located on the surface and in the thickness of the gland of the same name, lymph flows from the forehead, temple, upper eyelid, auricle, walls of the external auditory canal.

Fig.60. Lymphatic system of the head and neck.

1 – anterior ear lymph nodes; 2 – posterior ear lymph nodes; 3 – occipital lymph nodes; 4 – lower ear lymph nodes; 5 – buccal lymph nodes; 6 – mental lymph nodes; 7 – posterior submandibular lymph nodes; 8 – anterior submandibular lymph nodes; 9 – lower submandibular lymph nodes; 10 – superficial cervical lymph nodes

There are two main groups of lymph nodes in the neck: deep and superficial cervical. Deep cervical lymph nodes accompany the internal jugular vein in large numbers, and superficial ones lie near the external jugular vein. In these nodes, mainly in the deep cervical nodes, there is an outflow of lymph from almost all the lymphatic vessels of the head and neck, including the efferent vessels of other lymph nodes in these areas.

Upper limb

There are two main groups of lymph nodes in the upper limb: ulnar and axillary. The ulnar nodes lie in the cubital fossa and receive lymph from some of the vessels of the hand and forearm. Through the efferent vessels of these nodes, lymph flows into the axillary nodes. The axillary lymph nodes are located in the fossa of the same name, one part of them lies superficially in the subcutaneous tissue, the other in the depths near the axillary arteries and veins. Lymph flows into these nodes from the upper limb, as well as from the mammary gland, from the superficial lymphatic vessels of the chest and the upper part of the anterior abdominal wall.

Thoracic cavity

In the chest cavity, the lymph nodes are located in the anterior and posterior mediastinum (anterior and posterior mediastinal), near the trachea (peritracheal), in the area of the tracheal bifurcation (tracheobronchial), at the gates of the lung (bronchopulmonary), in the lung itself (pulmonary), and also on the diaphragm (upper diaphragmatic), near the heads of the ribs (intercostal), near the sternum (periosternal), etc. Lymph flows from the organs and partially from the walls of the chest cavity into these nodes.

Lower limb

On the lower limb, the main groups of lymph nodes are popliteal and inguinal. The popliteal nodes are located in the fossa of the same name near the popliteal artery and vein. These nodes receive lymph from part of the lymphatic vessels of the foot and leg. The efferent vessels of the popliteal nodes carry lymph mainly to the inguinal nodes.

Inguinal lymph nodes are divided into superficial and deep. The superficial inguinal nodes lie below the inguinal ligament under the skin of the thigh on top of the fascia, and the deep inguinal nodes lie in the same area, but under the fascia near the femoral vein. Lymph flows into the inguinal lymph nodes from the lower limb, as well as from the lower half of the anterior abdominal wall, perineum, from the superficial lymphatic vessels of the gluteal region and lower back. From the inguinal lymph nodes, lymph flows into the external iliac nodes, which are related to the pelvic nodes.

In the pelvis, the lymph nodes are located, as a rule, along the blood vessels and have a similar name (Fig. 61). Thus, the external iliac, internal iliac and common iliac nodes lie near the arteries of the same name, and the sacral nodes lie on the pelvic surface of the sacrum, near the median sacral artery. Lymph from the pelvic organs flows mainly into the internal iliac and sacral lymph nodes.

Rice. 61. Lymph nodes of the pelvis and the vessels connecting them.

1 – uterus; 2 – right common iliac artery; 3 – lumbar lymph nodes; 4 – iliac lymph nodes; 5 – inguinal lymph nodes

Abdominal cavity

There are a large number of lymph nodes in the abdominal cavity. They are located along the blood vessels, including the vessels passing through the hilum of the organs. So, along the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava about lumbar region spine up to 50 lymph nodes (lumbar). In the mesentery small intestine Along the branches of the superior mesenteric artery there are up to 200 nodes (superior mesenteric). There are also lymph nodes: celiac (near the celiac trunk), left gastric (along the greater curvature of the stomach), right gastric (along the lesser curvature of the stomach), hepatic (in the area of the hilum of the liver), etc. Lymph flows from the organs into the lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity. located in this cavity, and partly from its walls. The lumbar lymph nodes also receive lymph from the lower extremities and pelvis. It should be noted that the lymphatic vessels of the small intestine are called lacteal, since lymph flows through them, containing fat absorbed in the intestine, which gives the lymph the appearance of a milky emulsion - hilus (hilus - milky juice).

The human lymphatic system (LS) is one of the structures that unites disparate organs into a whole. Its smallest branches - capillaries - penetrate most tissues. The biological fluid flowing through the system - lymph - largely determines the vital activity of the body. In ancient times, drugs were considered as one of the main factors determining human temperament. According to many doctors of that time, temperament directly determined both diseases and methods of treating them.

Structure of the lymphatic system

Structural components of the drug:

lymphatic capillaries and vessels;
lymph nodes;
lymph.

The structure of lymphatic capillaries and vessels

The structure of the drug resembles tree roots, just like the circulatory and nervous system. Its vessels are located in all organs and tissues, except the brain and spinal cord and its membranes, internal tissue (parenchyma) of the spleen, inner ear, sclera, lens, cartilaginous, epithelial tissue and placenta.
Lymph is collected from tissues into blind-ending capillaries. Their diameter is much larger than that of capillaries microvasculature. Their walls are thin and highly permeable to liquid and substances dissolved in it, as well as to some cells and microorganisms.
Capillaries drain into lymphatic vessels. These vessels have thin walls equipped with valves. The valves prevent the reverse (retrograde) flow of lymph from the vessels into the tissues. Lymphatic vessels entwine all organs in a wide network. Often such networks in organs are represented by several layers.
Through the vessels, lymph slowly flows into groups of regional lymph nodes. Such groups are located at “busy intersections” of the body: in the armpits, in the elbows, groin, on the mesentery, in the chest cavity, and so on. Large trunks emerging from the lymph nodes flow into the thoracic and right lymphatic ducts. These ducts then open into large veins. Thus, the fluid removed from the tissues enters the bloodstream.

The structure of the lymph node

Lymph nodes are not only the “link” of drugs. They perform important biological functions determined by the peculiarities of their structure.
Lymph nodes consist mainly of lymphoid tissue. It is represented by lymphocytes, plasma cells and reticulocytes. In the lymph nodes, important participants in immune processes—B-lymphocytes—develop and “mature.” Transforming into plasma cells, they mediate humoral immune responses by producing antibodies.
T-lymphocytes are also present deep in the lymph nodes. There they undergo differentiation caused by contact with the antigen. Therefore, lymph nodes participate in the formation of cellular immunity.

Composition of lymph

Lymph refers to human connective tissue. This is a liquid substance containing lymphocytes. It is based on tissue fluid containing water and salts and other substances dissolved in it. Lymph also contains colloidal solutions of proteins, which give it viscosity. This biological fluid is rich in fats. Its composition is close to blood plasma.
The human body contains from 1 to 2 liters of lymph. It flows through the vessels due to the pressure of the newly formed lymphatic fluid and as a result of the contraction of muscle cells in the walls of the lymphatic vessels. An important role in the movement of lymph is played by the contraction of surrounding muscles, as well as the position of the human body and the phases of breathing.

Functions of the lymphatic system

After considering the basic structure of a drug, its various functions become clearer:

drainage;
cleansing;
transport;
immune;
homeostatic.

The drainage function of drugs is to remove excess water, as well as proteins, fats and salts from tissues. These substances are then returned to the bloodstream.
The drug removes many metabolic products and toxins from tissues, as well as many pathogenic microorganisms that have entered the body. Lymph nodes play a barrier role: unique filters for fluid flowing from tissues. Lymph cleanses tissues of cell breakdown products and microbes.
The drug transports immune cells throughout the body. It is involved in the transport of certain enzymes, such as lipases and others. important substances. Unfortunately, metastasis malignant neoplasms is also associated with the performance of transport functions by drugs.
Lymph nodes are the most important participants in immune processes, ensuring the development of T- and B-lymphocytes. In this regard, mention should be made of small lymph nodes located in the intestinal wall (Peyer's patches) and areas of lymphoid tissue in the tonsils of the pharyngeal ring.
Participating in all of the listed processes, the drug performs its integrating, homeostatic function, ensuring the unchanged internal environment of the body.

Lymph nodes are one of the most important organs of the lymphatic system; they play the role of filters, preventing various microorganisms from entering the blood. .

The location of the lymph nodes is designed by nature to be very rational, so that they would serve as a barrier to bacteria, viruses, and malignant cells. The lymphatic system is not closed in a circle, like the cardiovascular system; fluid (lymph) moves through it only in one direction. It collects through lymphatic capillaries and vessels and moves from the periphery to the center,
the vessels gather into large ducts and then flow into the central veins.

Lymph nodes are located in clusters along blood vessels and their branches, through which lymph is filtered, as well as near internal organs. Knowing where the lymph nodes are located, everyone can estimate their size and density. Monitoring the condition of your lymph nodes allows you to note even their minor changes, which in turn contributes to the timely diagnosis of many diseases.

Based on their location, lymph nodes can be divided into two large groups:

Domestic
External

Internal lymph nodes

Internal lymph nodes are located in groups and chains along large vessels, next to the most important human organs

Visceral nodes

Lymph from organs collects to them abdominal cavity.

Highlight:

Splenic nodes. They lie at the gate of the spleen, receiving lymph from the left half of the body of the stomach and its bottom.
Mesenteric nodes - located directly in the mesentery of the intestine, receive lymph from their section of the intestine, respectively.
Gastric – left gastric, right and left gastroepiploic.
Hepatic - along the large hepatic vessels.

Parietal or parietal

These are retroperitoneal nodes, which include para-aortic and paracaval. They are located along the aorta and inferior vena cava in the form of clusters of different sizes, connected by lymphatic vessels. Among them, three clusters are identified: left, right and intermediate lumbar clusters.

External lymph nodes

External lymph nodes are those that are close to the surface of the body, often just under the skin, sometimes deeper, under the muscles. They are characterized by the fact that to examine them there is no need to resort to complex diagnostic procedures. It is enough to examine and feel to suspect this or that pathology.

Everyone needs to know the location of the lymph nodes at the external level; this will help them on their own. early stages identify changes in them in order to consult a doctor. External ones include those that collect lymph from the head, neck, arms and legs, mammary gland, partly the chest organs, abdominal cavity, and pelvis.

Superficial lymph nodes are the following large groups:

Lymph nodes of the head and neck.
Supra- and subclavian nodes.
Axillary lymph nodes.
Elbows
Inguinal

The most important in diagnosis are the cervical, supraclavicular, subclavian, axillary and inguinal lymph nodes. Where the lymph nodes of these groups are located will be discussed below.

Lymph nodes of the head and neck

Lymph nodes on the head are several small clusters:

Parotid superficial and deep
Occipital
Mastoid
and chin
Facial

Below in the figure you can see the lymph nodes on the head and face, the location of which is important to know for the correct diagnosis of diseases and in cosmetology practice. Many people rely on knowing where the lymph nodes are located. lymphatic drainage procedures, in particular the Asahi rejuvenating massage. The group of facial nodes is located quite deep in the tissue, rarely becomes inflamed and diagnostic value has no medical practice.

The lymph nodes of the neck are divided as follows:

Anterior cervical

superficial;
deep.

Lateral cervical

superficial;
deep upper and lower.

Supraclavicular
Additional

It's called . This is an alarm bell that should not be ignored.

Axillary lymph nodes

Lymph nodes in the arms are an integral part of the examination. The ulnar and axillary lymph nodes are easily accessible.
Of great clinical importance are the location of which determines the outflow into them not only of lymph from the upper limb, but also from the organs of the chest and mammary gland. They are located in the fatty tissue of the armpit and are divided into 6 groups, which is due to their anatomical location in the armpit.

For a more precise understanding of where the axillary lymph nodes are located, a diagram of their location is presented.

Such a detailed diagram with the division of nodes into groups is important in oncological practice. Postoperative determination of the stage of breast cancer is based on the damage to nodes from specific groups. In ordinary clinical practice, such a detailed division into groups is not of great importance, especially since it is almost impossible to palpate deeply located nodes.

Elbow lymph nodes are of less importance, since they are collectors only from the lower part of the arm, the elbow joint, and they increase only with systemic diseases of the lymphatic system and direct infection of the hand or forearm. Their increase is easily noticeable and therefore does not require complex diagnostic techniques.

Inguinal lymph nodes

Inguinal lymph nodes in women and men are located the same, divided into deep and superficial. Superficial ones can be easily felt under the skin in the inguinal fold, between the pubic bone and the leg, even normally they can be felt in the form of small moving peas up to 5 mm in size.

The location of the lymph nodes in the groin is designed by nature in such a way that they collect lymph not only from the lower limb, but also from the pelvic organs (uterus and ovaries in women and prostate in men) and the external genitalia.

The causes of inflammation of the inguinal lymph nodes in men and women can be of different nature.

Below is a picture that shows all groups of lymph nodes in the pelvis and groin area.

In addition to the inguinal ones, there are also lymph nodes on the legs, the principle of their location is no different from that on the arms.

These are also large joints, in this case the knee. The nodes are located in the tissue of the popliteal fossa, they increase mainly during infectious processes below the knee, purulent wounds, erysipelas.

Method of examination of lymph nodes

To diagnose lymphadenopathy, inspection and palpation (feeling) are used. These techniques can only reach superficial lymph nodes; deeper ones must be examined using ultrasound diagnostics.

Examination of the lymph nodes must be carried out on both sides simultaneously, since it is necessary to compare the affected lymph node with a healthy one. The number of enlarged nodes in each examined group is noted.

In addition, their density, pain, and mobility in relation to the skin and to each other are determined. Also in the diagnosis of inflammation, examination of the skin over the node is of great importance; redness, increased local temperature may indicate purulent process in the node.

Examination of the lymph nodes of the head

Palpation is carried out from top to bottom, starting from the occipital nodes on the head. Palpation is carried out using the pads of bent fingers. The feeling should be soft and smooth without pressure, you need to roll slightly over the nodes.

First, the occipital lymph nodes are felt, the location of which can be easily determined by placing your fingers on the muscles of the neck, in the place where they are attached to the head. Afterwards, the postauricular or mastoid lymph nodes are palpated; they are located behind the auricle near the mastoid process. Then the parotid and submandibular lymph nodes are examined.

The location of the submandibular nodes and their characteristics are determined by bending fingers, which are placed under the lower jaw and, as it were, slightly pressing the nodes to the bone. The mental lymph nodes are examined in the same way, only closer to the center line, that is, under the chin.

Examination of the lymph nodes of the neck

After examining the lymph nodes of the head, they begin to palpate the lymph nodes of the neck. Only superficial and supraclavicular lymph nodes are accessible to palpation. The position of the hands when palpating the cervical lymph nodes is as follows: gently press the half-bent fingers against the side of the neck along the posterior and then the anterior edges of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. This is where the superficial groups of cervical lymph nodes are located. Brushes should be held horizontally.

The supraclavicular lymph nodes are located above the collarbones, between the legs of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The pads of half-bent fingers are placed on the area above the collarbone and pressed lightly.

Normally, the supraclavicular nodes are not palpable, however, with stomach cancer there may be a single metastasis in the left supraclavicular region (Virchow’s metastasis), in addition, an increase in the left supraclavicular nodes indicates an advanced stage of ovarian cancer in women, bladder, testicular and prostate cancer in men, sometimes pancreatic cancer.

Enlargement of the right supraclavicular lymph nodes indicates a tumor located in the chest. After the supraclavicular ones, the subclavian lymph nodes are palpated in the same way.

The lymphatic system, which in Latin is called systema lymphatica, performs important functions in the human body and is responsible for maintaining immunity. This most important part of the human vascular system has a clear structure. The main function of the systema lymphatica is to cleanse the cells and tissues of the body. Each lymph node functions as a biological filter.

What is the lymphatic system

The entire human body is covered by a system of lymph nodes and blood vessels, which ensures the functioning of the immune system. The lymphatic system carries away tissue fluid from the intercellular space. This structure is no less important part of the vascular circulation than the venous and arterial systems. The work of the systema lymphatica is clearly not visible.

It is very rare for lymph to leak through the skin, but people always notice the results of the lymph system. However, few understand the essence of such a process. This is a complex open structure. It does not have a central pump, so it is different from circulatory system. The lymphatic system is a whole complex of small and large lymphatic vessels - trunks and ducts, which permeate the entire human body.

Through them, lymph flows from areas of the body to the terminal sections of the veins. There are about 460 grouped or single lymph nodes in different parts of the body along the lymphatic vessels in the human body. Groups of lymph nodes work constantly. They are located next to veins and arteries. This number of lymph nodes is enough for the human body to feel healthy. These vessels are connected to each other by lymph nodes.

Small and large vessels are grouped. These are groups with different lymph nodes. They are sent to the lymph nodes (lat. nodi lymphatici), which range in size from a large bean seed to a millet grain. There are 150 regional groups of lymph nodes connected by vessels. Each node is responsible for a specific area of the body. The weight of all lymph nodes is 1% of body weight, reaching 1 kg. Lymphocytes, necessary to fight infection, are produced in the lymph nodes.

Lymphatic capillaries form the basis of this system. They are everywhere. These thin capillaries collect the fluid that is there in the body. This biological fluid contains various beneficial and harmful toxic substances. These toxins (lat. Toxicum) poison our body, so the lymphatic system collects these substances in the body.

Lymph is the liquid tissue of the body

Lymph, which is constantly filtered in the lymph nodes, contains a lot of leukocytes. These are active white blood cells: macrophages, B-lymphocytes, T-cells (lat. Thymus). Such leukocytes tend to absorb various microbes. They must find infectious agents and destroy their toxins.

Platelets and red blood cells are absent in the lymph. It is constantly formed by filtering blood plasma. This colorless liquid always circulates in this system. Up to 2 liters of this transparent biological fluid circulates in the body of an adult. Lympha moves slowly under slight pressure. Lymph always flows from bottom to top. This biological fluid slowly carries tissue fluid from the toes of the lower extremities to the thoracic lymphatic duct. Only in this direction can lympha collect everything unnecessary in the body and remove it out.

Lymphatic capillaries have special valves that prevent the reverse flow of lymph. Lympha purifies the blood in the human body. However, sometimes these valves in a person are destroyed, and the flow of lymph slows down. At infectious process The ulnar lymph nodes on the hand become inflamed. In these situations, swelling of the limbs occurs.

This indicates damage to the lymphatic vessels. How does lymph flow? Microcirculation processes determine the volume and rate of lymph formation. When there is obesity, or a person sits for a long time, the movement of lymph is minimal, since there is practically no active physical movement. If a person moves vigorously, the muscles actively contract. Lymph is pumped to the next lymphangion.

Importance of the Lymphatic System

Structure of the lymphatic system

What is the location of the lymph nodes? The structures of the systema lymphatica are not capable of removing waste and poisons through the skin. In our body there are such organs with a mucous membrane. A group of lymph nodes release these toxins into a specific area to remove the poisons through the mucous membranes. Since the systema lymphatica works from the bottom up, the first area of lymphatic evacuation is the mucous membranes of men and women.

Operation

Lymph nodes in the abdominal cavity

Patients complain of the appearance of some pathological discharge. Lymphocytes cleanse the vagina, urethra, and male genitalia. The femoral triangle consists of lymph nodes in the groin. The destruction of microbes is accompanied by inflammation. The deep lymph nodes are compressed, the thigh hurts. When the toxins come out, the body will be clean.

The second area of poison evacuation is the intestines. There are many lymph nodes in the abdomen. If the body is poisoned due to improper nutrition, the lymph nodes remove toxins through the lymph nodes located in the intestines. In the chest and abdominal cavity there is a group of para-aortic lymph nodes. If you start taking fixing drugs during diarrhea, these toxins will remain in the affected body.

sweat glands

Sweat glands are another area of toxin evacuation. There are especially many of them in the armpits. A person must sweat. However, many people actively use antiperspirants to combat excessive sweating, which close the sweat glands. All poisons remain in this zone. In severe cases, you have to contact a surgeon. If the lymph nodes on the collarbone are enlarged, this may be a sign of a tumor.

Nasopharynx, oral cavity

The nose, the nasal cavity, is an important area for the evacuation of toxicum. Pathogens that entered by airborne droplets are eliminated through the nose. If a person is treating himself, they are often used vasoconstrictor drops. Instead of removing the pathological contents, the patient leaves the microbes in the body. A sign of damage to the system are symptoms of sinusitis.

The nasopharynx has a special lymphoid tissue that traps microbes. Staphylococcal infections always exit through the nasal cavity. If it is not possible to quickly cope with an airborne infection, the adenoids enlarge. The lymph nodes of the nose swell. If these essential organs are removed, the body's ability to fight infection is reduced.

The collection of lymph in the area of the mouth, teeth, and tongue is carried out by the mental lymph nodes. Lymphadenitis is inflammation of the lymph nodes of the face. Part of the systema lymphatica are the salivary glands. Together with oral fluid in digestive tract Toxins and poisons are carried out to be removed from the body. When the jaw lymph nodes are affected, it hurts a lot lower jaw. It is important to make swallowing movements. This stimulates saliva production.

inflammation of the tonsils

The tonsils stand guard, protecting the body. This is the place through which the body can remove all the bad things. Streptococcus is always excreted through the tonsils. The body is fighting, so tonsillitis and rheumatism occur. But if a person breaks the laws healthy life, the palatine tonsils are constantly inflamed.

When the lymph nodes on the face are affected, the chin hurts. Tonsillitis develops, the tonsils cannot cope with their work. Inflamed submandibular lymph nodes receive infection from the facial lymph node. In the case of tonsillectomy unless absolutely necessary, another barrier that protects human health disappears.

The larynx is the next barrier to infection. If the lymphatic system finds microbes and removes them through the larynx, laryngitis develops. In the ear area, the facial lymph nodes often become inflamed. The next springboard for the evacuation of poisons and microbes is the trachea. There are lymph nodes on both sides of the trachea. Lymphocytes leave the lymph nodes. When the body tries to remove toxins in this way, tracheitis develops. Virchow's supraclavicular lymph node receives lymph from the abdominal cavity through the thoracic duct.

Bronchi and lungs

The next excretory route of the systema lymphatica is the bronchi. This is a significant component immune system. The passage of infection is further blocked by the lymph nodes with the help of tracheal lymph. The fungus is released through nearby organs. Fungal bronchitis begins if the entire body is affected by the pathogen. If you take cough pills during bronchitis, mucus does not come out of the bronchi. The disease drags on and the patient's condition worsens. As a result of the sedimentation of mycobacteria, inflammation of the intrathoracic lymph nodes often develops.

The lungs are the most important area for the evacuation of various debris from the body. Lymphatic capillaries in the lungs often take the first blow of infection. They are called bronchopulmonary lymph nodes. Through the deep and superficial plexuses of the lungs, the respiratory organ is cleansed. Dangerous bacteria enters the lymph node area. This is where it is destroyed. With tuberculosis, the intrathoracic lymph nodes are involved in the pathological process.

The cervical group of lymph nodes neutralizes microbes entering the body through the upper respiratory tract and mouth. Enlarged lymph nodes in the neck may indicate hard work of the systema lymphatica. Non-functioning facial lymph nodes often cause severe muscle blocks, since lymph flow is obstructed. The sublingual lymph node reacts sensitively to any changes in the body.

Lymphatic system. Video

Complications of lymphatic function

If the lymphatic system is overloaded and a new infection enters the body, problems arise. Systema lymphatica releases debris into the skin because the system is clogged with other toxins. Breast cancer can provoke metastases to the subclavian lymph nodes. The body tries to remove the fungus through the skin. However, the dense epidermis does not allow harmful substances to pass out. Eczema, psoriasis, and neurodermatitis occur. These are not diseases, but a painful condition, a manifestation of problems with an overloaded lymphatic system. It is necessary to cleanse the body.

body cleansing

Poor environment, poor lifestyle, poor quality food harm the health of every person. After the age of 30, many people's body fluids become heavily contaminated. Fat cells and tissues can contain many different toxins, microorganisms, and harmful substances that weaken the immune system.

And in conclusion

One of the most important and complex systems in the human body is the systema lymphatica. The lymphatic system works independently of our thinking. The movement of lymph is ensured through various muscles. Lympha is able to fully function only if a person is physically active. After a long period of sitting, it is important to move actively. At the same time, normal lymph flow starts. As a result, lymph performs its functions in the system. Its task is to catch harmful substances in the body with the help of leukocytes and neutralize them.

White blood cells find microbes and eat them, dying in the process. Lymph saves the patient at the cost of his own life. A sick person should not interfere with this process, but competently help his body. This can only be done under the guidance of a qualified medical professional.

II. Main structural elements of the lymphatic system

III. Pathways for lymph drainage from various parts of the body

I. General characteristics and functions of the lymphatic system

Lymphatic system is part of the vascular system, complementing the venous bed.

Functions of the lymphatic system

1. Drainage (transport) function– 80-90% of the tissue filtrate is absorbed into the venous bed, and 10-20% into the lymphatic bed.

2. Resorption function– together with lymph, colloidal solutions of proteins, lipids, foreign agents (bacteria, viruses, foreign bodies).

3. Lymphopoietic function– Lymphocytes are formed in lymph nodes.

4. Immunological function– provides humoral immunity by forming antibodies.

5. Barrier function– neutralizes foreign agents (bacteria, viruses, malignant cells, foreign bodies).

Lymph– transparent yellowish liquid, contains shaped elements blood - lymphocytes, as well as a small number of eosinophils and monocytes. In its composition, lymphoplasm resembles blood plasma, but differs in lower protein content and lower colloid osmotic pressure. The volume of lymph in the body is from 1 to 2 liters. Lymph formation occurs at the level of the microcircular bed, where lymphatic capillaries are in close contact with blood vessels.

Features of the structure of the lymphatic system:

· the lymphatic system is not functionally closed - the lymphatic capillaries begin blindly.

· the presence of valves in the lymphatic vessels that prevent the reverse flow of lymph.

· lymphatic pathways are intermittent (interrupted by lymph nodes).

II. The main structural elements of the lymphatic system.

Lymphatic capillaries

Lymphatic vessels

Lymph nodes

Lymphatic trunks

Lymphatic ducts

1. Lymphatic capillaries– are the initial link, the “roots” of the lymphatic system. They are characterized by:

Ø they begin blindly, due to which lymph can move in one direction - from the periphery to the center;

Ø have a wall consisting only of endothelial cells, there is no basement membrane and pericytes;

Ø larger diameter (50-200 µm) compared to hemocapillaries (5-7 µm);

Ø the presence of filaments - bundles of fibers connecting capillaries with collagen fibers. During edema, for example, the tension of the fibers helps to increase the lumen;

Ø in organs and tissues, capillaries form networks (for example, in the pleura and peritoneum the networks are single-layer, in the lungs and liver they are three-dimensional);

Ø are present in all organs and tissues of the human body, except for the brain and spinal cord and their membranes; eyeball; inner ear; epithelial cover of the skin and auditory membranes; cartilage; spleen; bone marrow; placenta; enamel and dentin.

Lymphatic capillaries participate in the formation of lymph, during which the main function of the lymphatic system is carried out - drainage reabsorption of metabolic products and foreign agents.

2. Lymphatic vessels formed by the fusion of lymphatic capillaries. They are characterized by:

Ø in addition to the endothelium, the vascular wall contains a layer of smooth muscle cells and connective tissue;

Ø there are valves that determine the direction of lymph flow through the lymphatic vessels;

Ø lymphagion– structural and functional unit of the lymphatic system, the section of the lymphatic vessel between the valves, intervalvular systems;

Ø have lymph nodes along the way

By topography

o intraorgan, forming a plexus;

o extraorganic.

In relation to the superficial fascia, lymphatic vessels (extraorgan) can be:

o superficial(located outward from the superficial fascia, next to the saphenous veins);

o deep(located under its own fascia, accompanying deep vessels and nerves).

In relation to the lymph node lymphatic vessels can be:

o bringing(lymph flows through them to the lymph node);

o outgoing(lymph flows from the lymph node).

3. Lymph nodes located along the path of the lymphatic vessels. The nodes relate to both the lymphatic and immune systems.

Functions of lymph nodes:

Ø lymphopoietic– produce lymphocytes

Ø immunopoietic- antibody production, activation of B lymphocytes

Ø barrier-filtration– retain foreign agents (bacteria, viruses, tumor cells, foreign bodies). Those. lymph nodes are mechanical and biological filters of lymph

Ø propulsive function– promotes lymph, since the capsule of the lymph nodes contains elastic and muscle fibers.

Tumor cells can multiply in the lymph nodes, leading to the formation of a secondary tumor (metastasis). According to Mascagni's rule, a lymphatic vessel passes through at least one lymph node. There can be up to 10 nodes along the lymph path. The exceptions are the liver, esophagus and thyroid gland, lymphatic vessels, which, bypassing the lymph nodes, flow into the thoracic duct. Therefore, tumor cells from the liver and esophagus quickly enter the blood, increasing metastases.

External structure of lymph nodes:

Ø Nodes are usually located in groups from one to several hundred

Ø the nodes are pink-gray in color, round, bean-shaped or ribbon-shaped

Ø sizes vary from 0.5 to 50 mm (an increase indicates the penetration of foreign agents into the body, causing a response of nodes in the form of increased proliferation of lymphocytes)

Ø afferent lymphatic vessels approach the convex side of the node. The efferent vessels emerge from the loop depression - the gate of the node.

Internal structure lymph nodes:

Ø connective tissue capsule covers the outside of the lymph node

Ø capsular trabeculae extend from the capsule into the node and perform a supporting function

Ø reticular tissue (stroma) fills the space between trabeculae and contains reticular cells and fibers

Ø the parenchyma of the lymph node is divided into cortex and medulla

Ø The cortex is located closer to the capsule. Lymph nodes are located in the cortex, where proliferation and differentiation of B-lymphocytes occur

Ø the medulla occupies the central part of the lymph node, represented by strands of lymphoid tissue, where B-lymphocytes mature and transform into plasma cells

Ø the medulla together with the lymph nodes of the cortex form the B-dependent zone

Ø at the border of the lymph nodes with the medulla there is a paracortical zone (thymus dependent, T-zone), where maturation and differentiation of T-lymphocytes occurs

Ø The cortex and medulla are penetrated by a network of lymphatic sinuses, through which lymphocytes and macrophages can penetrate in both directions.

Afferent vessel subcapsular sinus cortical sinus medullary sinus portal sinus efferent vessels

4. Lymphatic trunks– large lymphatic vessels (collectors) that collect lymph from several areas of the body and organs. They are formed when the efferent vessels of the lymph nodes merge and exit into the thoracic duct or the right lymphatic duct.

Lymphatic trunks:

Ø jugular trunk(paired) – from head to neck

Ø subclavian trunk(paired) – from the upper limbs

Ø bronchomediastinal trunk(paired) – from the chest cavity

Ø lumbar trunk(paired) – from the lower extremities, pelvis and abdominal cavity

Ø intestinal(unpaired, inconsistent, occurs in 25% of cases) - from the small and large intestines.

5. Lymphatic ducts– the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct are the largest collector lymphatic vessels through which lymph flows from the lymphatic trunks.

Thoracic duct (ductus thoracicus) is the largest and main collector of lymph:

Ø has a length of 30-40 cm;

Ø is formed at the level - as a result of the fusion of the right and left lumbar trunks;

Ø the initial part of the duct may have an extension - the lacteal cistern ( cistern chili);

Ø from the abdominal cavity, the thoracic duct passes into the chest cavity through the aortic opening of the diaphragm;

Ø leaves the chest cavity through the upper thoracic aperture;

Ø at the level of the thoracic duct forms an arc and flows into the left venous angle or into the terminal section of the veins that form it (internal jugular and subclavian);

Ø before entering the left venous angle, it is joined by the left bronchomediastinal trunk, the left jugular trunk and the left subclavian trunk.

Thus, lymph flows from ¾ of the human body through the thoracic duct:

Ø lower limbs

Ø walls and pelvic organs

Ø walls and organs of the abdominal cavity

Ø left half of the thoracic cavity

Ø left upper limb

Ø left half of head and neck

Right lymphatic duct(ductus lymphaticus dexter):

· inconsistent, absent in 80% of cases

· has a length of 10-12 cm

· formed as a result of the fusion of the right bronchomediastinal trunk, right jugular trunk and left subclavian trunk