Anatomical nomenclature. Parisian anatomical nomenclature.

Blood is supplied to the forearm by the brachial artery, which divides into radial and ulnar and volar and dorsal interosseous branches. Blood returns through the deep and superficial venous plexuses. Innervation is provided by the radial, median and ulnar nerves.

Elbow, a joint consisting of humerus, ulna and radius. The lower limb of the humerus has an internal articular surface for the ulna and outer surface radius. In both cases, flexion and extension of the elbow are realized. At the elbow, the ulnar vine has a symmetrical trocelle surface, bounded at its upper end by an olecranon and at its lower end by coronoids. The upper end of the radius forms a radial head, which is articulated with the lateral condyle and the sigmoid fossa of the ulna, allowing the rotation to be called pronosupuration.

The stability of the elbow is ensured by the geometry of its joints and lateral ligaments. On the sides of the trocelle and lateral condyle are the epithelium and epicondyle, which are areas of the muscle insertion that are susceptible to overuse pathologies. Scapular fractures usually affect the joint surface and thus cause severe joint deformity and stiffness. In most cases, they require surgical treatment with anatomical replacement of fragments resulting from the lesion.

Arm, the area of ​​the upper limb between the shoulder and elbow joints. The arm skeleton consists of one bone, the humerus. His upper limb covered by muscles that move the shoulder. In the anterior aspect of the arm are the biceps brachialis, the most superficial, and the anterior brachiae, the deepest. The posterior aspect of the arm, separated from the anterior intermuscular septum, is occupied by the triceps brachialis, the primary extensor of the elbow. Epitrol produces the flexor muscles of the wrist and fingers and the pronators of the hand and forearm.

From the epicondyle, the lower outer protrusion, the wrist is lengthened and the fingers extend the muscles and arch supports of the hand and forearm. Venous drainage is double: deep and superficial. The posterior half of the arm is innervated by the radial muscle, and the anterior and lateral half by the cutaneous muscle. The medial and ulnar nerves pass through the medial face to the forearm.

Apophysis mastoid, conical dislocation temporal bone human skull. It is located behind the ear, and infection from this easily spreads to the mastoid process, causing pain and inflammation. Ribs, a bony and cartilaginous arch, arranged symmetrically in pairs extending from the spine to the sternum, limiting chest. Each rib is formed by a posterior bony part and anterior cartilage. Cartilage calcifies gradually with age, sometimes causing painful symptoms.

The bony arch is flat, and from the back to the front there are curves and the heads are downward. Its posterior end is depicted with the upper and lower vertebrae. The upper and lower edges are the insertion of the intercostal muscles. Intercostal vessels and nerves are close to the lower side. There are 12 ribs on each side. Only top part 14 is attached directly to the sternum. Octave, ninth and tenth, before connecting to the sternum, do this to each other. Others are loose in the abdominal muscles. Fractures in the ribs occur due to direct trauma.

They consolidate spontaneously within six weeks, in which case a bandage cannot be used, only analgesics. The main risk is lack of thoracic mobility as a result of pain, which can cause secretion retention and infections such as pneumonia. Multiple fractures may cause bleeding in the chest cavity, air leakage from lung injuries, or imbalance breathing movements.

Fingers, elongated and thin limbs are located at the ends of the arms and legs. In humans, the skeletal structure of the arms and legs is similar. The first fingers have two phalanges. From the second to the fifth, there are three phalanges. Most animals have fewer fingers and phalanges; only in special cases.

Metacarpophalangeal or metaarthophalangeal joints are entarthroses that allow flexion, extension, approximation and separation. Interphalangeal joints are joints that allow only flexion and extension. The metacarpal and metatarsal joints, with carps and tarsi, respectively, allow the toes to separate and move closer to each other.

Moreover, thumb a person is able to perform an oppositional movement in the carpometarcal joint, which is fundamental for an accurate trace. The fingers themselves have only bones and joints, tendons, vaso-nervous clusters, adipose tissue of the fleshy part and skin with its specialized formation, the nail.

The two lateral edges of each finger are covered with arteries, veins and nerves responsible for vascularization and innervation. The fingers are moved by the flexor and extensor muscles located in the forearm, as well as the flexor, interdental and lombric muscles located in the hand itself.

In addition, the thumb is moved by three short muscles located at its base: the abductor, adductor, and adductor. Dura or paquimining is a durable covering formed by dense fibrous tissue through which blood vessels and nerves are distributed.

It is attached to the periosteum of the inner bone of the bones of the base of the skull and to the sutures. In the rest of the skull and cervical region of the spine it is separated from the periosteum by the epidural space. Its outer surface is rough, the inner surface is smooth and shiny. It forms coverings around the cranial nerves and vertebral sensory and motor nerve roots until they unite, causing spinal nerve.

Arachnoid and pyater are leptomeninges. Very thin, has no arachnoid blood vessels or nerves. It accompanies the shape of the dura mater, limiting it to the subdural space, a virtual cavity. Piama sticks closely to nerve tissue, covers all its reliefs and enters all its grooves, making up the neuroglial walls or pioglial membrane. Richly vascularized and innervated by the autonomic nervous system, its vessels penetrate the pioglial septa, which are distributed by the nerve substance, constituting the source of blood supply to the nervous tissue of the encephalon and bone marrow.

These ligaments hold Bone marrow on the spot. Between the arachnoid and piamar there is a subarachnoid space, which is filled cerebrospinal fluid. In the brain, this space forms the medullary, pontic, intervesical, chiasmatic, and the cistern of Silvio-Fossa.

Three meninges, dura mater, arachnoid and pyamater define three spaces, epidural, subdural and subarachnoid. The epidural space is used to inject a local anesthetic into the brain, which allows temporary insensitivity to abdominal cavity And lower limbs. Infections in the meninges are serious cases requiring emergency medical care.

Cranioencephalic trauma can cause concussion, concussion and intracranial hematomas. Hemorrhages in the epidural space occur when the meningeal arteries rupture and eventually compress the encephalon, which can lead to the death of the victim.

However, they have a good prognosis if diagnosed and treated promptly. Hemorrhages in the subdural and subarachnoid space are consequences of severe traumatic lesions of the encephalic mass; sometimes require surgery and have a very poor prognosis for survival and functional recovery of the victim.

Meningiomas are tumors formed by cells of the leptomeninges. From different histologies, prognosis and possibility surgical removal depend, in particular, on its location. Spheroid, odd central bone of the base of the skull, symmetrical, located behind the ethnoid and frontal, in front of the occipital and inside the thunders.

From its complex geometry, it presents some aspects that distinguish it: the body, two large wings, two smaller wings and two pterygoid apses. The upper edge of the body has a saddle in the center, which is the depression in which the pituitary gland is located. The lateral surfaces of the body are equipped with a groove for the carotid artery. The interior of the body is empty, forming reticular sinuses connected by the anterior surface of the sandvik body with the nasal passages.

The lower edge of the body is part of the nasal vault and articulates with the ethmoid and vomer. The smaller wings have a canal at their base for nerves and optic arteries. Its upper face forms the anterior cranial fossa, and its lower face forms the orbit. Ocular motor nerves remain between them and the greater wings.

The upper edge of the greater wings forms the middle cranial fossa, which has openings for the maxillary and mandibular nerves and the middle meningeal artery. The lower edge is part of the temporal, orbital and squamoid jaw. They add up to the frontal, temporal and occipital. Pterygoid apophyses descend from this body, forming the pterygoid, cascade, nasal and zygomatic cavities.

This is the earliest middle anterior bone of the skull base. Seen from the front, it is shaped like a Latin cross, the horizontal arms of which are cubic lateral masses. The upper vertical part of the cross forms the anteroposterior superiority in the anterior cranial fossa and articulates with the frontal bone. The foot of the cross forms the middle wall, which separates the two posterior nasal cavities; its posterior border articulates with the body of the clinoid, its anterior border with the nasal bones, and its inferior border with the vomer and cartilaginous nasal septum.

The central part of the horizontal plate forms a part, on its upper edge, the front cranial fossa and on its lower edge, the layer of the nasal cavities; has several openings for the passage of olfactory nerve fibers. The outer surface of the lateral masses forms part of the inner wall of the orbit, and the inner surface forms the outer wall of the nasal pits. From this inner face are born the superior and medial turbines, twisted bony plates that project into the nasal fossae. In this case, the internal part of the lateral masses is communicated, formed by several cavities lined with mucous membrane and filled with air.