Home » Narcology » From the history of things: Sadnik, stag, ruble and other “extinct” objects of Slavic life. “peasant hut” objects of peasant life from the school local history museum of the Gbou sosh (ots) with

From the history of things: Sadnik, stag, ruble and other “extinct” objects of Slavic life. “peasant hut” objects of peasant life from the school local history museum of the Gbou sosh (ots) with

1. Spinning wheel 2. Frying pan 3 Pancake frying pan

4.Copper ladle 5.Large ladle 6.Small ladle

7. Copper measure 8. Copper jug 9. Copper kettle

10.Wooden ladle 11.Scraper 12.Rubel

13. Makogon pusher 14. Rocker 15. Oak wine barrel

16. Paw 17. Trap 18. Scales. 1910

19. Wooden scoop 22. Scissors 23. Chisel

21. Axes of three different types

20. Sickle 24. Cooper’s tool 25. Box 26. Bast shoes

27. Coal irons 28. Iron iron

29. Electric iron, early twentieth century 31. Stupa 33. Trough

30. Ax blade 32. Horse plow 34. Millstone

35. Grip or stag 36. Poker 37. Rake

38. Gardener 39. Wooden shovel 40. Hook

41. Flail 42. Frying pan 43. Barrel

44. Erzya par: three types with different decorative carvings.

Spinning wheel. This was a popular working tool and household item for peasants in previous centuries. This device was used to spin threads. Let us remember Pushkin: “Three girls were spinning under the window late in the evening.”
Pan. An antique deep copper frying pan rather resembles a modern jam bowl. Food was prepared in it for the entire large family.
Pancake pan. On the contrary, a small, shallow frying pan, whose finest hour came on Maslenitsa. From modern analogues differs, first of all, in the material from which it is made.
Copper ladle. You can use a ladle to scoop up water or other liquid from a bucket or barrel; you can boil an egg in the ladle. These days, ladles are usually not made of copper, but aluminum or enameled.
Large ladle.
Small bucket.
Copper measure. The object that looked like a large mug was actually a measuring container that held exactly a quarter of the bucket.
Copper jug. Water was usually carried in jugs from a well or spring to the house.
Copper teapot. Like a modern kettle, it served to heat water.
Wooden ladle. It was hollowed out from a single piece of wood. From ancient times until the 19th century, mash, kvass, and honey were poured with such ladles.
Scratcher. Exotic for modern man a tool with a “hedgehog” of long sharp wooden needles was used for carding wool and flax.
Rubel. A distant ancestor of the iron, with which women ironed clothes. Hand-wrung linen was wound onto a rolling pin or roller and rolled out with a ruble.
Pusher, aka makogon. It was practically a mortar pestle. They used it to crush flax seeds, grind poppy seeds, cottage cheese, and butter. Large pushers were used to crush feed for the pigs.
Rocker. A device popular in the economy of past centuries, which made it possible to evenly distribute the weight of the load being carried. Most often, water was carried from a well using a rocker. The yoke was placed on the shoulders, and buckets of water and sometimes other weights were hung on hooks along its edges. Remember the Russian riddle: “A painted rocker hung over the river” (the answer is a rainbow)
Oak barrel for wine. In previous centuries, wine was stored, carried and transported in oak barrels, in which the heady drink was preserved no worse than in clay jugs. At the same time, the wooden barrel was incomparably stronger and did not break from blows. The filler hole on the side was plugged with a plug, and there was a drain tap at the end. Like other barrels and tubs, the wine barrel was held together by steel hoops.
Paw. Today this ancient device, with the help of which shoemakers repaired shoes, seems very unusual.
Trap. A popular trap among hunters for catching large animals. The animal that stepped into the trap had its paw clamped. In the twentieth century, the trap became famous in the film “Beware of the Car,” where the character Dima Semitsvetov installed it on the pedal of a Volga so that it would clamp the car thief’s leg.
Scales. The weighing device presented at the Museum is 100 years old - it was made in 1910. Cast iron mechanism, copper plates.
Wooden scoop. This was used to collect flour, buckwheat and other cereals from bags or other containers.
Sickle. A tool for cutting grains and herbs with a rounded, tapering steel blade and a short wooden handle. Widely used during harvesting. In the old days, the thin lunar crescent was compared to a sickle. In the twentieth century, the sickle crossed with a hammer became one of the main symbols of communism, personifying peasant labor, united with the hammer, denoting the labor of workers.
Three types of axes. For many centuries, the ax consists of a sharp steel blade and a wooden handle. Lumberjacks cut down trees with axes and cut down branches. Carpenters use axes to shape wood products. Butchers use axes to cut up carcasses. For warriors of past centuries, axes served as edged weapons - they can be used to hit opponents, and they can also be thrown. Axes still faithfully serve summer residents, tourists, and rural residents today.
Scissors. Here are steel straight-cutting scissors for cutting metal.
Bit. Hand woodworking tools. They can be used to trim a piece of wood, make holes, nests, grooves, etc.
Bondar's tool. For stretching wooden rings onto barrels.
Box Antique bag made of oak, birch bark, wood chips. In boxes, peasants carried bread, salt, and other products with them to harvesting and haymaking. The box could also serve for packaging and storing something. Remember the song: “Oh, the box is full...”
Lapti. Characteristic woven low shoes, very popular in Russian villages from antiquity until the 20s of the twentieth century. They were worn by both men and women. Bast shoes were woven from bast (frail tree bark), birch bark or hemp. For strength, the sole was braided with bast, vine, rope or hemmed with leather. The bast shoe was tied to the leg with laces twisted from the same bast from which the bast shoes themselves were woven.
Coal iron. Used on the farm since the middle of the 18th century. The principle of operation is very simple - hot coals were placed into the body and closed with a lid. For better traction, a pipe was made in the lid. To allow oxygen to flow inside, holes are cut in the sides and back panel. When ironing, such an iron should be waved to improve the draft of the coal.
In Russia, the iron iron was first mentioned in 1636, although it appeared much earlier. The iron was made of cast iron or bronze and weighed up to 10 kg. Simple irons were the most common in different countries and among different classes until the twentieth century. They could have different designs and sizes. Such irons were heated on a stove, stove or fire.
Electric iron. The first electric irons did not yet have an incandescent coil, as in modern irons, but their role was played by two carbon electrodes at both ends of the sole. When turned on, an electric arc appeared between them, which heated the sole. Electric irons turned out to be the most convenient, their design quickly developed, and they replaced all previous types of irons.
Ax blade. Ax is an ancient bladed weapon in the form of an ax with a long handle.
Mortar. A wooden container in which grain or other products are crushed or crushed. Stupas come in different sizes - from large, about half the height of a person, to very small, tabletop ones. For example, in large stupas they made cereals from unrefined grains of wheat, barley, millet, and buckwheat. The grain, when it is pounded in a mortar, is freed from the shell and partially crushed. The stupa was present in every peasant household.
Horse plow. A typical picture of plowing in past centuries: a horse harnessed to a plow slowly walks across the field, and behind it, leaning his hands on the handles of the plow, the farmer walks. The peasant horse-drawn plow had one blade, which plowed a furrow, preparing the soil. Also, the plow destroyed the rhizomes of weed plants.
Trough. In earlier centuries, a trough was usually made of wood, using half a split log in which a container was hollowed out. Depending on the type of wood used, the troughs were called oak, linden, aspen, willow, etc. The wooden trough on the farm was used not only for washing or bathing. They harvested apples, prepared pickles, and cooled beer. An inverted trough served as a lid. There were also feed troughs into which feed was poured for livestock and poultry.
Millstone. To grind wheat, rye or other grains into flour, two stone circles were used. They rotated, grain fell between them and they ground the grain into flour. The material from which the millstones were made was not random. Typically, wheels were made from either fine-grained, flint-bearing, porous sandstone or silicified, fossil-bearing limestone.
Grab or stag. Homemade stove tools. A device used to place cast iron pots in which food was cooked into and out of the oven. The grip was a long wooden stick with a semicircular metal spear at the end, for which it was sometimes called a stag. For each size of cast iron, a different grip was used - larger or smaller.
Poker. An indispensable assistant for firing stoves. Usually this is a long stick or metal rod with the end bent at a right angle. This tool allows you to move and mix firewood in a stove or fireplace, and rake out coals.
Rake. An indispensable tool in the garden, vegetable garden, and nursery, which has many purposes. They use a rake to loosen the soil, break up clods of already loosened soil, clear the ground of dug up weed roots, and slightly loosen the soil between plants. They also collect mown grass with a rake, turn it over, and remove cultivated plants. In the old days, wooden rakes prevailed, and in our time - metal ones.
Gardener. A wide flat shovel, usually made entirely of wood, with a long handle, used to remove baked bread from the oven.
Wooden shovel. Unlike metal, it was not used for excavation work, but during drying of harvested grain.
Hook. An agricultural device for pulling hay from a stack.
Flail Agricultural implement for milking. Consists of two sticks connected by a leather strap or rope. One, the longer one, served as a handle, the other, which is shorter but heavier, served as a striking part. This second, striking part was made of hard wood, such as oak, and often with a thickening at the end to make the blow stronger.
Frying pan. Homemade stove tools. If cast iron pots were placed in the oven and lifted with a handle, then frying pans were lifted with a special hook on a long handle.
Barrel.
Par Erzya. This container, resembling a barrel in size and cylindrical shape, was not actually intended for any liquids, but served as a chest for things, and not a simple one. A par is a wedding dugout chest-chest-tub. It was made from a single linden trunk - the middle was hollowed out from a piece of log, leaving round walls and a bottom. A forged iron ring is attached to the middle part of the body of the tub, and on the other side there is an iron plate that serves to secure the lid. Such a cylindrical linden chest - par in the Mordovian family was considered an obligatory piece of utensils. The bets were of various sizes, on average their height reached 80-90 cm, and massive cast-iron brackets for locks were hung on them. These chests contained canvas, towels, the most valuable clothes and jewelry. The father-in-law prepared the couple as a gift for his daughter-in-law. Usually it was ordered to craftsmen. The customer paid in grain or worked on the master’s farm for as many days as he wagered. They were covered with rich carvings on the theme of family life or some kind of labor processes, sometimes women's jewelry was depicted on it. These drawings carried a certain sacred meaning and were supposed to contribute to the happiness and well-being of the young family. The ritual of packing a chest was an important moment in a Mordovian wedding. He was not only an acquaintance with the bride’s material well-being, but also had to “ensure” her a happy family life. Therefore, first the steam was cleared of “evil spirits” (they circled it with a lit candle, an icon, sprinkled a pinch of salt), then money, bread, cakes, and sometimes dishes were placed at the bottom so that “the chest would not be empty all their lives, so that the young would live richly.” At the end of the ceremony, the bride distributed gifts to those relatives who brought her cakes. And for her deceased relatives, she hung a towel on the icon with which her parents blessed her before the crown. At a time when hollowed out chests began to be replaced by planks, this ritual continued to be preserved. Chests were also ordered from a craftsman, who put part of the money earned inside it, “so that life would not be empty.” Many elderly women in Mordovia still have bets and chests in which they store clothes and valuables.

Natalya Khudyakova
Excursion into the past “Items of peasant life”

Peasant household items

The Russian farmstead, with its well-established way of life and agriculture, was always furnished with a large number of items utensils and tools. Traditional kitchen utensils items for agriculture they were not richly decorated, but they were comfortable and had a laconic aesthetic.

Izba - the home of a simple Russian peasant and his family. Here in peasant house every item household utensils are a symbol of folk everyday life, what they lived peasants and how they worked, doing housekeeping activities around the house. Household items imbued with the Russian spirit and convey that difficult image peasant life in Rus'.

The samovar appeared in homes about three centuries ago along with the growing popularity of tea. Excavations indicate that samovars existed in clay millennia ago in Iran. The samovar quickly won the hearts of Russian tea drinkers thanks to its unique functionality and beauty. The water in it remained hot for a long time, was fragrant from the combustion of dry birch chips, and was enough for a large number of guests and household members.

A spinning wheel is the simplest device with a tow on a leg ending in a flat base - the spinner sat on it to give stability subject. In ancient times, yarn for knitting was not sold. It was made by the needlewomen themselves from sheared sheep wool. The earliest form of spinning was hand twisting. Later they made a spindle, and then a spinning wheel. These inventions significantly speeded up the process of making yarn, making it continuous. The spinning wheel consisted of a blade to which a tow was tied, a thin leg and a bottom, which was placed on a bench. (The spinner sat on him) With her left hand the spinner pulled out the strand, and with her right hand she rotated the spindle on which the thread was wound. To make the work of spinners easier, a spinning wheel with a wheel was invented. The wheel was moved using a foot pedal. The thread wound and twisted itself, and the spinner used both hands to direct it from the tow to the view. So the work went faster, and the thread became thinner. The peasants firmly believed that all tools of labor must be protected from evil forces.

Comb for carding wool. The comb is similar to the comb that girls in Rus' used to comb their hair. However, not quite, a larger comb for combing wool. In general, for wool there were chess - these were small nails, often hammered onto a wooden base. It was convenient to work with wool with such combs, not only to comb, but also to clean it. This comb could also be used to comb flax, which was also used in weaving.

The pot is one of the oldest kitchen utensils. It was Russian tradition to decorate the top of the pot with glaze. In order to remove the pot from the oven, there were grips nearby. In clay pots, like in a thermos, food retained its original temperature for a long time, so it did not cool down or, being cooled in the cellar, did not sour.

Trough. Peasants stocked up for the winter. Cabbage was fermented in barrels. At the beginning of the 20th century, cabbage was chopped with hoees. Heads of cabbage were placed in wooden troughs, they were made of wood, the middle was hollowed out. The heads of cabbage were cut and chopped lengthwise and crosswise with choppers.

Jugs (or jars) intended for storing dairy and other products. Pots and jars were made of clay. Cold, damp clay was crushed and pulled out in the hands. The clay heated up, became plastic, and various things could be made from it. items. And then they were fired in the oven. Some potters applied a pattern to a damp clay pot with a sharp wooden stick.

Stupa - peasant utensils for making cereals and grinding flax and hemp seeds. The stupa was hollowed out from a thick trunk of birch and aspen, had a cylindrical or cone-shaped shape, and its internal space was round. A device for making cereals from unrefined grains of wheat, barley, millet, buckwheat. Intended For this purpose, stupas were hollowed out of wood. Their height reached 80 cm, depth 50 cm, diameter 40 cm. The wooden pestle was made up to 100 cm in length with a diameter of about 7 cm. When pounded in a mortar, the grain is freed from the shell and partially crushed. There were stupas in every peasant house. They were used as needed, preparing cereals for one or two weeks

A cast iron pot is a large vessel, a pot made of cast iron, later also made of aluminum alloy, round in shape, for stewing and cooking in a Russian oven. The peculiarity of cast iron is its shape, repeating the shape of a traditional clay stove pot: Tapered at the bottom, widening towards the top and tapering again towards the throat. This shape allows cast iron to be placed in the oven and removed from the oven using a special gripping tool. The volume varies from 1.5 to 9 liters. Cast iron of small capacity is called cast iron. Despite the apparent antiquity of this type of cookware, metal cast iron appeared and received widespread only at the very end XIX beginning XX centuries. At this time, industrially produced cast iron kitchen stoves spread in Russia, in which, above the furnace firebox, instead of a brick vault, there was a panel with removable burners, into the holes of which cast iron was also placed with a narrow bottom

Grip device, representing is a long wooden stick with a metal slingshot at the end. They grabbed the cast iron pots with a grabber and placed them in the Russian stove. Each size of cast iron had its own grip. Another name for the stag grip. The grip could also be used as a weapon

Rubel - household item, which in the old days Russian women used to iron clothes after washing. Rubel represented It is a plate made of hardwood with a handle at one end. On one side of the plate, transverse rounded scars were cut, the second remained smooth, and sometimes was decorated with intricate carvings. In different regions of our country, rubles could differ either in their shape or in their unique decor.

The gardener is a bread shovel. One of the most important items of the national economy in Rus' was considered a gardener. It looked like a flat wide shovel on a long handle and intended for sending bread or pie into the oven. Russian craftsmen made item from a solid piece of wood, mainly aspen, linden or alder. Having found a tree of the required size and suitable quality, it was split into two parts, cutting one long board from each. After which they were planed smoothly and the outline of the future gardener was drawn, trying to remove all kinds of knots and jagged edges. Having cut out the required one item, it was thoroughly cleaned.

With the advent of the oven these items have become indispensable in the household. Usually they were stored in the storage area and were always at hand by the owner. Standard set stove equipment included several types of grips (large, medium and small, a chapel and two pokers. In order not to be confused subjects, identification marks were carved on their handles. Often such utensils were made to order from a village blacksmith, but there were craftsmen who could easily make a poker at home.

Cast iron iron. The ruble was replaced by a cast iron iron in Russia. This event dates back to the 16th century. It is worth noting that not everyone had it, since it was very expensive. In addition, cast iron was heavy, and it was more difficult to iron than the old way. There were several types of irons, depending on heating method: burning coals were poured into some, while others were heated on the stove. Such a unit weighed from 5 to 12 kilograms. Later, the coals were replaced with cast iron bars.

Flail - hand-held threshing tool (branches) grains from ears. Usually consists of two movable, connected sticks. One is longer - the handle, the other is shorter - the working part itself, striking the grains.

Lapti - wicker shoes made of bast or birch bark; to midday 19th century - main view peasant shoes in Russia. `

EXCLUSIVE

The wheel of human history, as it turns, sweeps away not only cities and civilizations, but also many everyday little things. Things that were necessities two hundred years ago are even unknown to most people today. And those accessories on which fortunes were spent are gathering dust on museum shelves. The last few centuries have brought particularly strong changes to our way of life and the “arsenal” of women today has become much scarcer. Let's see what little things ladies have lost from their everyday life in recent times, from the point of view of world history.

Fan

The most famous of all ancient accessories, the fan is always associated in our understanding with high society, balls and noble ladies of Pushkin's era. However, the history of this thing is much more interesting and dates back about 3 thousand centuries. At different times, a fan (or fan), with the same functionality, carried different meanings: it was a symbol of power among the Assyrians, a sign of nobility among the ancient Egyptians, and the embodiment of masculine and feminine principles in Japan and China. In European culture of the Middle Ages and later, it became an indispensable object of seduction. A special “fan language” made it possible not only to encourage or discourage a gentleman, but also to arrange, for example, a date for him at a certain time in a certain place. In addition, thanks to paintings and jewelry inserts, fans became real works of art. The cost of some was so high that banks accepted them as collateral.

Portbouquet

This case for fresh flowers was in fashion in the 18th-19th centuries. With its help, a small bouquet could be carried in hands without dirtying the outfit, or pinned to the bodice of a dress. In addition, with the help of sliding stand legs, the accessory quickly turned into a miniature vase. Some models could even be filled with water. Now this little thing can be found, modified, in a wedding dress, and in museums, in the form of jewelry delights of the past.

Today, the portbouquet is a collectible and a museum exhibit.

Chatelaine

This extremely rational accessory has been popular since the Middle Ages and right up to the 20th century. It was a special clip to which various useful little things were attached on chains: a wallet, keys, watch, pencil, thimble, etc. This design was worn on a belt. This was a salvation for ladies who did not yet have a woman’s handbag. By the way, thanks to the high functionality of this thing, it was worn not only by the nobility, but also by commoners, both men and women. The beauty and value of the chatelaine's materials was a sign of belonging to high society.

Carne (Ball Book)

Balls were special events. Young debutantes usually pinned their aspirations and hopes on them. And so that forgetful young ladies did not confuse the order of the gentlemen, they made notes in a special book. Usually it was an elegant thing in a precious binding with a small pencil. Using a chain, it was attached to the wrist or dress. Ball books appeared in the 18th century in Vienna and were used until the second half of the 20th century, gaining popularity both in Europe and in the USA.

The leaves of the ball book were either paper or ivory plates - in this case, the entries were erased after the ball

Ball book - an elegant accessory for recording fans

Blokholovka

Vinegar bottle or smelling salts bottle

Another fact we know about ancient times is that ladies at balls constantly fainted. At the same time, they were necessarily “allowed to smell the salts.” This is true. Usually the bottle contained crystalline ammonium salt, which had a pungent odor. The bottles themselves were decorated in accordance with the taste and capabilities of the owner. The vinegar box served the same purpose; it contained cotton wool soaked in vinegar or ammonia.

Smelling salts bottle

Bourdalu

This item of intimate hygiene for ladies of the 17th-18th centuries was an attribute necessary on trips or at long events, and was, in fact, a “day vase”. Now it could be called a “duck”, although it served to perform natural needs while standing. This was possible thanks to the special shape and comfortable handle. Usually this object was made of earthenware or porcelain and covered with beautiful paintings, sometimes with playful content. The maids most often helped to slip the burdal under the mistress’s skirts.

Peasant going to haymaking with motley behind your back. Olonets province 1901

Today I am adding a large addition to our dictionary - from a very sensible encyclopedia book “Russian Izba” (Art-SPB, 2004), created based on the study of authentic objects of peasant life stored in the Russian Ethnographic Museum in St. Petersburg.

All photographs are scanned from the same book.

Tub, outrigger, bucket, bench, tub, kneading bowl, ladle, cradle, box, rocker, pot, purse, jar, kukhlya, casket-teremok, tub, flint, saddle bench, pester, bowl, headrest, supplier, samovar, light, hide, chest , tub

Tub- a wooden container for lifting water from a well or river in the form of a vessel, round in cross-section, with a wide top and a body narrowed towards the bottom, with iron hoops and ears into which the bow is threaded. Lifting water for two buckets (about 24 liters) from a deep well for many years required the bucket to be durable and easy to use, which was achieved by using oak wood, which is characterized by high hardness and resistance to moisture, i.e. the ability not to swell in water, but, on the contrary, to become stronger. Iron hoops withstood the impacts of the tub against the walls of the well frame well, unlike wooden hoops. An oak tub, bound with iron, containing a large amount of water, was quite heavy, so the water in it was taken out using a lever device - a crane or a collar with a chain.

Outrigger– a flat wooden block with a handle for beating out laundry when rinsing or for rolling laundry on a rolling pin. The rollers were made mainly from light wood species - linden or birch. The upper front surface of some rolls was decorated with notched carvings and paintings.

Bucket– wooden container for transferring water. In Rus', it was traditionally made by coopers from spruce, pine, and aspen planks - staves. The wood of these trees was distinguished by its lightness, strength, and moisture resistance. It made it possible to make the bucket light, which was very much appreciated, and reliable in operation. The hoops that held the frame of the bucket together at the top and bottom were made from willow, bird cherry, and lilac, the branches of which were flexible and strong. The bow was also made from them, which was inserted into the “ears” - a continuation of the rivets. The most widely used bucket is in the form of a truncated cone. The peasants liked it because it was less prone to water splashing and was more durable. Coopers always made buckets “to suit a woman,” i.e. such that a woman can easily carry them on a yoke. The standard capacity of a Russian bucket is about 12 liters.

Zalavok–

1) a long box with a lid, used for storing household utensils and as a bench;

2) a low cabinet with doors and two or three shelves for dishes and other kitchen utensils, as well as some products, located on a bench near the stove;

3) a space in the lower part of a Russian stove for storing dishes, closed by a door.

Tub- a container for storing pickles, pickles, and soaks for future use; it was also used for kvass, water, and for storing flour and cereals. As a rule, the tubs were made by coopers, i.e. were made from wooden planks - rivets, fastened with hoops. The tubs were made from the wood of deciduous trees: aspen, linden, oak; hoops - from willow, lilac, bird cherry, hazel branches. For pickles and pickles, oak wood was especially valued, containing preservatives that kill putrefactive bacteria and adding additional aroma and taste to pickles. The aspen tub was used mainly for fermenting cabbage, which remained white and crisp in it until spring. The tubs were made in the shape of a truncated cone or cylinder. They could have three legs, which are a continuation of the rivets. The necessary accessories for the tub were a circle and a lid. The food placed in the tub was pressed in a circle, and oppression was placed on top. The tubs were different in size: height ranged from 30 to 100 cm, diameter - from 28 to 80 cm.

Kvashnya– clay or wooden utensils for fermenting dough. The wooden one was made from linden, aspen, and oak. It could be hollowed out from a single piece of wood or cooperage, i.e. made up of planks - rivets, tightly fitted to each other and tied with hoops made of wood or iron. The bowls were round in cross-section with walls expanding towards the upper edge. The height ranged from 50 to 100 cm, the diameter of the top - from 60 to 120 cm. The large size of the kneading bowl was due to the custom of baking bread for the whole family a week in advance.

Ladle– a wooden or metal vessel for drinking and pouring kvass, etc. Common in Rus' from ancient times to the middle XIX century. It has the shape of a boat with one highly raised handle or two - in the form of the head and tail of a bird. Depending on the purpose, there were different types of buckets: remote, mansion, and cellar. For royal awards for military valor or ambassadorial service, there were award ladles with a double-headed eagle and a name minted on the bottom. In accordance with the shape of the ladles, certain types were developed: northern ladles, Moscow, Kozmodemyansk, Tver, Yaroslavl-Kostroma. Particularly notable were the northern ladles - “nalivki” and the Kozmodemyansk ladles - small ladles. Moscow table ladles are typical boat-shaped ladles made of wood or burls, known in Muscovite Rus' in XVI–XVII centuries Such a bucket has a flat bottom, a keel-shaped nose and a horizontal handle on a narrow neck rising above the body. Along the edge, the Moscow ladle was decorated with floral patterns. Kozmodemyansk ladles, hollowed out of linden, differing from Moscow ones in their larger size and depth (some of them could hold up to 2-3 buckets), were close to them in shape. Small Kozmodemyansk ladles - scoops XVIII – XIX centuries – had the shape of a cup with a rounded, slightly flattened bottom, a pointed nose and a handle with a slotted loop and a hook for hanging the bucket. Tver ladles, known since XVI c., hollowed out from a tree root and shaped like a boat, are characterized by a body that is more elongated in width than in length, with a wide frontal side, decorated with ornamental carvings. The body ends on one side with two or three horse heads on a rising narrow neck, and on the other side with a massive faceted “stem” shaped handle. Small northern “filling” ladles XVI–XIX centuries were made by Vologda craftsmen and were used for scooping from large ladles. Their feature is a spherical bottom and a handle in the form of a bow, decorated with a slot in which ducks predominated.

Cradle- a device for sleeping and rocking a baby. In Rus' there were four types of cradles, based on design and material. The cradle is in the shape of a rectangular wooden frame covered with canvas. The ends of the frame protrude in the form of turned balls into which iron rings were screwed for hanging. The same type includes cradles made of hoops, also covered with canvas. Another type is a cradle in the form of a rectangular wooden box tapering downwards with a bottom formed by two transverse crossbars. Two arms were attached to the walls for hanging. The outside walls were often painted. The third type of cradles is an oval or rectangular bast box. The bottom was woven from hemp rope and bast in the form of a mesh. And the fourth type is wicker cradles (made of wicker, flax, straw). All four types of cradles have one common feature- These are hanging cradles. A later tradition should be considered the appearance of cribs with curved legs.

Box– a container for storing and transporting small household belongings, clothes, books. It was made from bent aspen or linden bast in the form of a tall cylinder with a hinged wooden or top-mounted lid, or a rectangular box with rounded corners, with a hinged flat or convex lid. Boxes of oval cross-section, with lids similar to those of a cylindrical box, were also quite widespread. The bottoms of the boxes were made of thin planks and inserted into a special groove in the walls, where they were reinforced with wooden pins and stitched with sponge, bast, and pine root. Rectangular boxes with oval corners were often bound with metal strips. Sometimes, bound with strips of black or tinned metal, they were additionally decorated with metal perforated overlays at the corners of the lid or near the key. Under the iron frame of such boxes in XVII -first half XVIII V. Light-colored or green-colored mica was often used as a backing. Along with boxes decorated with metal, boxes decorated with paintings on the side walls and the upper surface of the lid were widespread. The painting was usually done with tempera; the surface of the bast box was preliminarily dried several times.

Rocker– a device for carrying buckets, buckets, baskets. It was made from linden, aspen, and willow, the wood of which is light, flexible, and resilient. In Rus', bent rocker arms were most widespread. They were bent from steamed wood, giving the shape of an arc. A rocker of this type was conveniently located on the shoulders of a woman, who held it with her hands. Buckets, placed on the ends of the beam in specially cut recesses, hardly swayed when walking. In many regions of Russia there were also rocker arms cut from a wide and durable board. The straight board tapered at the ends, and in the middle there was a cutout for the neck. Buckets of water were attached to long hooks that descended from the ends of the beam. A rocker in the form of a round stick with movable hook pendants at the ends, well known in Western Europe, was rarely seen in Rus'.

Korchaga- an amphora-type vessel with rounded plastic shapes, common in Kievan Rus in X – XII centuries Later clay vessels in the shape of a pot with a very wide socket for heating water, boiling cabbage soup, beer, kvass, etc. were also called. The pot could have the shape of a jug with a handle attached to the neck, and a shallow groove - a drain on the rim. As a rule, the pot did not have a lid: when brewing beer, the neck was covered with canvas, coated with dough. In the oven, the dough was baked into a dense crust, hermetically sealing the vessel. Korchagas were widespread throughout Russia. In each peasant household there were usually several of them of different sizes - from half-bucket (6 liters) to pots for two buckets (24 liters).

Wallet– a travel backpack container for carrying food, woven from strips of birch bark, less often bast using the oblique technique, and occasionally straight weaving. The wallet has a simplified rectangular shape and is closed with a triangular flap. The flap is held in place by ropes that are wrapped around special wooden slivers inserted along the open top of the pouch. On the back wall of the wallet are attached straps made in various ways from birch bark, leather, canvas, and hemp rope. Small wallets were made for children, up to 40 cm high and 20-30 cm wide, respectively larger for adults. The advantage of birch bark wallets was that the food in them remained fresh for a long time and did not freeze in winter. The wallet was indispensable during the haymaking season, during fishing and hunting, and on a long journey.

Krinka– a clay vessel for storing and serving milk on the table. A characteristic feature of the krinka is a high, rather wide throat, smoothly turning into a rounded body. The shape of the throat, its diameter and height are designed to fit around the hand. Milk in such a vessel retains freshness longer, and when soured it gives a thick layer of sour cream, which is convenient to remove with a spoon.

Kukhlya- a vessel for carrying drinks over a short distance and serving them on the table, is a small barrel made of oak staves, with two bottoms. The body of the barrel is horizontal and has four short legs. At the top of the kitchen there is a small spout for draining, a hole with a stopper for pouring a drink, and a handle for carrying.

Casket-teremok– a container for storing especially valuable things: money, jewelry, documents, a type of chest. It has the shape of a deep, rectangular (square) box with a hinged, hipped lid with a flat end. An iron bracket or ring-handle was usually attached to the lid. Large caskets, reaching a height of 50 cm, had two compartments inside: the first was the casket itself, and the second was a hipped lid. Such caskets were called “caskets of two fats.” Each compartment was locked with an internal lock. Caskets were made of metal, bone, but most of them were made of wood - pine, oak, cypress. Wooden caskets were forged with strips of iron, decorated with paintings, and covered with bone plates.

Lohan- a container for washing clothes, washing dishes, washing, was made from spruce and pine wood using the cooperage method. The choice of these species for rivets was explained by their lightness and moisture resistance. The distinctive feature of the tub was its low sides and wide round or oval bottom. They were made with or without legs, but always with two handles - “ears”. The tubs were, as a rule, large in size (about 70-80 cm in diameter).

Flint- a device for producing fire, is an oval-shaped metal plate with open ends, which are bent inward or outward so that rings are formed - “antennae”. This form of flint was widespread throughout XIX – early XX V. In earlier times, a flint was known in Russian life, which had the shape of a dagger without a handle, with blunt edges and a sharp end. Its length ranged from 9 to 30 cm. To produce fire, it was necessary to have flint and tinder in addition to flint. The person striking the fire struck the flint with a flint, and the sparks that appeared were caught on tinder, which lay in a box with a lid - a tinderbox. The fire flared up in a box, from where it was transferred to birch bark, straw, tow, pine coals or homemade matches. The fire was extinguished after its use by closing the lid of the box. Fire obtained with the help of flint was considered especially beneficial for humans. Flint, flint and tinder were used by Russian peasants as the main means of making fire until the 1920s. Matches. Invented by the German chemist Kamerer in 1833, they were not widely used in villages, despite the fact that they were sold in shops, stores, and fairs in large quantities. Some groups of the RKS population, for example the Old Believers, did not use matches at all, considering them “demonic instigation.” It was generally accepted that fire lit with matches did not have the beneficial properties of fire produced with flint.

Saddle bench - a type of furniture for sitting and sleeping, characteristic of the European Middle Ages and Ancient Rus'. Existed in Russia until the first quarter XVIII V. It differs from a simple bench with a backrest hinged to the seat, which can be shifted to any of its long sides. If it was necessary to arrange a sleeping place, the backrest along the top, along the circular grooves made in the upper parts of the side stops of the bench, was thrown to the other side of the bench, and the latter was moved towards the bench, so that a kind of bed was formed, limited in front by a “crossbar”. The back of the saddle bench was often decorated with through carvings, which significantly reduced its weight.

Pester– a travel backpack container for carrying food, picking berries, mushrooms, etc., woven from birch bark or bast. The pester is close in shape to a purse.

Bowl–

1) dishes, most often made of clay or wood, for preparing and eating food, is a low flat vessel, round or oblong, with sides flaring upward, sometimes decorated with paintings or carvings;

2) a lighting device consisting of a flat vessel with a recess inside, a tube or cylinder with a tube for a lamp (wick). For bowls they used homemade clay vessels and any flat metal utensils. Hemp, flax, and rags served as lamps. Lard, animal fat, and vegetable oil were poured into a bowl with a wick.

Headrest– a travel chest for storing and transporting money, jewelry, and securities in the form of a shallow rectangular box with a sloping hinged lid and two half-ring handles on the sides. The sloping lid made it possible to turn the travel chest into a headboard when spending the night in a sleigh, at an inn, or in someone else's house. The lid consisted of two parts: a narrow one, located parallel to the bottom, and a wide, inclined one. Both parts of the lid were connected to each other by hinges. The same loops connected the narrow part of the lid to the back wall of the headrest. The box was locked with an internal lock. The headrest had two compartments inside; they corresponded to the two parts of the lid. Headrests were usually made of hard wood and bound with metal strips. Many headrests, especially XVII – early XVIII c., had a lining made of colored leather, painted paper, and mica under the metal frame. The metal strips were made with perforations, forming a continuous openwork covering. Inner side the lids were often decorated with paintings.

Supplier –

1) turned wooden tableware - a round wooden bowl on a low tray, having the same deep lid, sometimes with a handle. The presence of a lid distinguishes a bowl from a bowl. The supplies were used as dinnerware, most often for one person. Having a lid almost equal in size to the lower part, the supplier open form was already two vessels for food;

2) a copper, tin, clay vessel on a stand or legs for serving kvass and beer;

2) a cupboard for dishes of various shapes: with open upper shelves (like a buffet), a kitchen table with a cabinet on top, a corner cabinet on a special base on the wall.

Samovar- a device for boiling water and cooking, was always made of metal, usually from brass and copper (in rare cases from silver, steel, cast iron) and was often nickel-plated. The body could have a wide variety of shapes: a ball, a glass, a cylinder, a barrel, a rectangular box, a pear, an egg. The upper part of the body, through which water was poured, was closed with a lid. The body ended with a pallet and four short legs. In its lower part there was a tap for draining water. The liquid in the samovar was heated in a metal brazier passing through the body. The upper end of the brazier went out and ended with a burner on which a “lid” was attached; the lower end was covered with a grill. Hot coals were placed in the brazier. The fire in it was maintained by blowing air from the bottom of the brazier and an exhaust pipe with an elbow, which was put on its upper part. After the liquid boiled, the pipe was removed and the fryer was closed with a plug. To allow steam to escape, there was an vent on the “lid” - a small hole with a lid. Samovars came to Russia from Western Europe in XVIII c., where they were used to heat broths. IN XIX V. they became widespread in all layers of Russian society. In addition to the described samovars for making tea, there were samovars intended for other purposes. For example, a coffee samovar was small in size with a drawer for coals and a special device in the form of a metal frame with a canvas bag into which coffee was poured. The samovar for sbiten - a hot drink made from honey with herbs and spices - resembled a large metal teapot with a pipe and a blower.

Svetets- a device for holding a burning splinter. The lights had a variety of shapes and sizes. The simplest light was a wrought iron rod bent at a right angle, at one end of which there was a fork with three or four horns, and at the other - a pyatnik (point). Such a light was stuck with its tip into a crack in a log wall, and a splinter was inserted between the horns. To catch the falling embers, a trough with water was placed under the light. Another type of lights are hanging ones, designed for several lights. The hanging light was hooked onto an iron bracket driven into the shelf (a long shelf located around the perimeter of the entire hut), and a vessel with water was also placed below. Portable lights were more common and convenient. Small ones, consisting of a metal fork, a wooden stand and a bottom, were placed on a bench. Tall lights (about 1 m and above), completely forged from iron and riveted from iron rods and strips, were placed on the floor anywhere in the hut.

Skrynya- a type of chest, casket. It usually had a rectangular, slightly elongated shape and a folding top part, made by a tower, like a casket. It consisted of three compartments, each locked with its own key. The first was in the hinged lid, the second was in the middle part of the concealment, the third, the largest, occupied the lower part. The lower part was filled with drawers and closed with doors located in the front wall. The doors could be locked with a padlock or internal lock. Metal handles in the shape of a half ring were attached to the sides of the concealment, which were used when carrying it. The hideouts were made of oak boards and bound with metal plates. They met in the homes of representatives of all strata of Russian society until the era of Peter the Great. I , and at a later time only among peasants. IN XVII – early XVIII V. the main centers of their production were Kholmogory and Veliky Ustyug, famous for their chest products. The interiors of these two craft centers in their decoration and decoration were reminiscent of the casket-towers with iron frames that were made here.

Box– (from Arabic sanduk) a large container with a hinged lid, used for storage various items clothing and household items. In Rus', the most common - wooden chests - were made from flat dies tightly nailed to each other. Various types of wood were used for them: pine, spruce, cedar, oak, linden, aspen. The chests had internal or external locks; often these locks were made “with a secret” and their unlocking was accompanied by a melodious ringing or music. Inside the chest in its upper part, special compartments were often made for storing small items - a narrow box on the side spanning the entire width of the chest. Sometimes removable trays were arranged in several rows for wrinkled items in the chest. Chests were produced in a variety of sizes, taking into account that they could be nested inside each other when transported to the fair. Such sets of chests had special names: threes, fives, flock - sixes, sevens. All chest production centers had distinct distinctive features. Thus, products from Nizhny Tagil were made mainly of pine or cedar and were entirely bound with white iron - tin with hammered ornaments. In addition, round or heart-shaped recesses were made on the side walls, into which “mirrors” made of polished tin were inserted. Often the lid, front and side walls of the chests were decorated with painted zhanor scenes. Makaryevsky chests were decorated with strips of tin, stuffed with a straight or oblique lattice, or with squares of tin, painted with bouquets, flowerpots, fruits, birds, and wreaths. The latter were called “tray”. In Veliky Ustyug chests, colored mica was placed under strips of stuffed milled metal. Kholmogory craftsmen upholstered their products with red yuft or seal skins. The inside of the chests was often lined with calico, calico, and covered with paper.

Tub- a tub with two ears on the upper edge, into the holes of which a stick is threaded for lifting and carrying. Serves for transporting water, storing food, salting meat and lard. Water-bearing tubs, used for watering the garden and washing clothes, were made with a capacity of up to 50-60 liters.