Swamp wild rosemary (Ledum palustre L.). Ledum description of medicinal herbs of Kostroma and the region Ledum ointment instructions for use

Marsh wild rosemary - Ledum palustre L.

Heather family - Ericaceae

Other names:

- fragrant bagoong

- bagula

- swamp stupor

- swamp

Botanical characteristics. An evergreen shrub up to 1 m high with a strong intoxicating odor that causes headache. The stems are recumbent, woody, with numerous ascending branches. Young shoots, like the leaves, are green with thick rusty felt drooping. The flowers are white, collected at the ends of the branches in umbrella-shaped shields. The fruit is a five-lobed capsule with numerous seeds. It blooms in May-June, the seeds ripen in July-August. The plant is poisonous.

Spreading. Tundra and forest zone of the European part of the country, Siberia, Far East.

Habitat. Mainly in sphagnum bogs, peat bogs, and swampy forests, it often forms continuous thickets, convenient for harvesting.

Procurement of raw materials, primary processing and drying. Harvesting is carried out in August-September, during the period of fruit ripening. Young, non-lignified shoots of the current year are collected. They are picked by hand or cut off. Harvesting woody shoots, as well as uprooting plants, is not allowed, as this leads to the destruction of the thickets. Repeated harvesting in the same area is allowed no earlier than 7-8 years, after complete restoration of the thickets.

Ledum shoots are dried in the shade or in the air, under canopies, scattered in a layer up to 10 cm thick; drying is possible in dryers at a temperature of heating the raw materials up to 40 ° C.

When working with wild rosemary shoots, you must be careful (!). Work should be carried out in respirators or cotton-gauze bandages for no more than 2-3 hours a day.

Standardization. The quality of raw materials is regulated by GOST 6077-80 and State Fund XI, issue. 2, art. 1. The use of whole and crushed raw materials is allowed.

External signs. According to SP XI, a mixture of leafy shoots, individual leaves and a small amount of fruits. The leaves are leathery, linear-oblong, entire, short-petiolate, alternate, 15-45 mm long, 1-5 mm wide, with edges turned down, green, shiny on the upper side, covered with rusty felt pubescence on the lower side. The stems are non-lignified, green, also with thick rusty-felt pubescence. Perennial shoots are almost without pubescence. The fruit is an oblong, multi-seeded capsule. The smell is pungent and specific. The taste is not detectable (poisonous!). FS allows no more than 10% of coarse stems in raw materials

Microscopy. Microscopic examination of both whole and crushed raw materials diagnostic value have three types of hairs on the underside of the leaf: 1) long, multicellular, ribbon-like, sinuous; 2) twisted, consisting of two rows of cells with dark brown contents; 3) small thick-walled single-celled hairs covered with a warty cuticle. There are small capitate hairs on a unicellular or multicellular stalk with a multicellular head. Essential oil glands are located on both sides of the leaf. They consist of a round, flattened, multicellular "two-story" head located on a short two-row stalk. Mesophyll contains drusen and single prismatic crystals (their intergrowths) of calcium oxalate

Numerical indicators. The content of essential oil must be at least 0.1% (in the raw materials for the production of the drug Ledina, the content of essential oil is at least 0.7%, and the content of iceol in it is at least 17%); moisture no more than 14%; total ash no more than 4%; ash, insoluble in a 10% solution of hydrochloric acid, no more than 1%; grayish-brown stems no more than 10%; organic impurities - no more than 1%, mineral - no more than 0.5%. For crushed raw materials, the content of particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 5 mm (no more than 5%) and particles that pass through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 0.5 mm (no more than 10%) is also standardized.

Chemical composition. Shoots contain essential oil up to 2%. The essential oil contains 50-60% sesquiterpene alcohols, the most important of which are ledol and palustrol - saturated tricyclic compounds. Myrcene and other terpenoids have also been found. In addition, they contain tannins, arbutin, flavonoids, coumarins, and ursolic acid. The plant is an accumulator of radionuclides.

The composition of the essential oil of wild rosemary includes various terpenoid compounds: b-myrcene (20-25%), b-pinene, camphene, cineole, geranyl acetate, n-cymol, allo-aromadendren, etc.

The composition of essential oil is variable and depends on geographic latitude. There are three geographical populations (chemoras).

The 1st hemoras includes wild rosemary, which grows in the northern and central regions of the European part of the CIS. Characterized by high content essential oil (from 0.6 to 2.6%) and a high iceol content (from 18 to 38%).

Chemorasa 2 is common in Eastern Siberia (Buryatia, Chita, Magadan and other regions). It has a high essential oil content (1.5-3.2%) and a very low iceol content (0.5-1.0%).

The 3rd Chemoras lives in a number of areas of the European and Asian parts of the Russian Federation, Ukraine, and Belarus. Characterized by low essential oil content (up to 0.8%) and low iceol content (1-11.7%).

The procurement of raw materials for the production of the drug "Ledin" should be carried out in the northern and central regions of the European part Russian Federation, as well as in Eastern Siberia.

Storage. In cool, dry rooms on racks separately from other raw materials, according to list B, packed in double bags. Shelf life: 2 years.

Pharmacological properties. Combined with ice, which provides an antitussive effect. When taking wild rosemary preparations orally, the essential oil is partially released through the mucous membranes of the respiratory organs, stimulating breathing and increasing secretion glandular epithelium, increasing the activity of the ciliated epithelium respiratory tract. This is accompanied by dilution of sputum and acceleration of its removal from the respiratory tract.

A decoction and infusion of wild rosemary suppresses experimentally induced cough. Ledum preparations also have a bronchodilator, analgesic and sedative effect.

Ledum preparations have an antispasmodic effect on the vessels of the kidneys and coronary arteries, which is associated with a diuretic effect and a hypotensive effect in acute and chronic experiments.

In addition, the experiment revealed a wound-healing effect of the drugs. A bactericidal effect was noted against Staphylococcus aureus. Bornyl acetate turned out to be the most active antimicrobial fraction of wild rosemary essential oil.

Ledum essential oil has a two-phase effect on the isolated intestine: first it weakens contractions and then increases peristalsis.

Medicines. Shoots of wild rosemary (prescribed as a decoction), briquettes, infusion (5%), the drug "Ledin" in tablets.

Application. The herb wild rosemary has been used medicinally for the last two centuries, especially in Sweden and Germany. At the end of the 19th century, the plant began to be used in Russia. A.P. Krylov in 1912 wrote about the experience of using wild rosemary for coughs, in particular for whooping cough. A.P. Tatarov in 1943 reported the antitussive effect of decoctions and infusions of wild rosemary for acute bronchitis, bronchial asthma and whooping cough. He noted that infusions and decoctions of the plant do not cause toxic effects, are well tolerated, and can be taken for a number of years. N.N. Dyakov in 1945 noted the antiallergic effect of wild rosemary infusions in patients with bronchial asthma, as well as hypotensive activity in patients with light forms hypertension.

In modern medical practice, wild rosemary is used as an antitussive and expectorant for acute and chronic bronchitis with a bronchospastic component, bronchial asthma and whooping cough (“Ledin”). By improving coughing and suppressing cough, they prevent unwanted changes in the circulatory system (increased pressure in the pulmonary circulation, increased peripheral venous pressure, etc.), eliminate insomnia and headaches. Also used as a diuretic, disinfectant and antiseptic. In homeopathy, wild rosemary tincture, together with other components, is used in the treatment of rheumatism.

An infusion of wild rosemary is prepared from 6 g of crushed herb per 200 ml of water. Take 1 tablespoon 3-4 times a day.

Sometimes wild rosemary is used in a mixture with coltsfoot leaves. The plants are taken equally and an infusion is prepared from 1 tablespoon of the mixture per 200 ml of water. Take 1 tablespoon of infusion every 2 hours.

In case of an overdose of wild rosemary preparations, irritability, dizziness, and agitation appear, followed by depression of the central nervous system.

In its native form, the plant is quite poisonous. There are cases of poisoning with honey collected by bees from wild rosemary flowers.

Registration number and date:

Trade name of the drug: Ledum marsh shoots

Dosage form:

Compound:

Characteristic
Ledum marsh shoots contain essential oil, flavone glycosides and other biologically active substances.

Description
Pieces of stems, leaves and fruits. Color green, dark green, orange-brown, grayish-brown. The smell is pungent and specific.

Pharmacotherapeutic group
Expectorant of plant origin.

Pharmacological action
An infusion of wild rosemary has an expectorant effect and has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and hypotensive properties; has a stimulating effect on the central nervous system and myometrium.

Indications for use
Inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract, accompanied by a cough with difficult to clear sputum (bronchitis, tracheitis, etc.).

Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the drug, pregnancy, period breastfeeding, age up to 18 years.

Directions for use and doses
About 10 g (2 tablespoons) of wild rosemary are placed in an enamel bowl, pour 200 ml (1 glass) of hot boiled water, cover with a lid, heat in a boiling water bath with occasional stirring for 15 minutes, cool at room temperature for 45 minutes, filter, squeeze out the remaining raw materials. The volume of the resulting infusion is adjusted to 200 ml with boiled water.
Take orally warm, 1/3-1/4 cup 2-3 times a day.
It is recommended to shake the infusion before use.

Side effect
Possible allergic reactions, dizziness, increased nervous excitability, irritability; upon admission high doses symptoms of excitation or depression of the central nervous system are noted.

Interaction with other drugs
It is not recommended to simultaneously prescribe an infusion of wild rosemary shoots with antitussive medications.

Release form
30 g, 35 g, 40 g, 45 g, 50 g, 60 g, 75 g, 100 g of crushed shoots in cardboard packs with an inner bag.
Full text instructions are applied to the pack.

Storage conditions
In a dry place, protected from light; prepared infusion - in a cool place for no more than 2 days.
Keep out of the reach of children!

Best before date
3 years.
Do not use after the expiration date stated on the packaging.

Conditions for dispensing from pharmacies
Over the counter.

Manufacturer/Complaint Receiving Organization
OJSC "Krasnogorskleksredstva"
Russia, 143444, Moscow region, Krasnogorsk, microdistrict. Opalikha, st. Mira, 25

Ledum palustre L., fam. heather – Ericaceae.

MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

PHARMACOPOEIAL ARTICLE

Ledum marsh shootsFS

Lady palustris cormus In return for the Global FundXI, vol. 2, art. 1

Collected in August - September during the fruit ripening phase and dried leafy shoots of the current year of the wild evergreen shrub marsh rosemary - Ledum palustre L., fam. heather – Ericaceae.

AUTHENTICITY

External signs

Whole raw materials. A mixture of leafy shoots, leaves and a small amount of fruit. Leaves are alternate, on short petioles, leathery, linear-oblong or oblong or oblong-elliptic, entire, 15–45 mm long, 1–5 mm wide, with edges turned down; dark green, shiny on the upper side; the undersides are covered with thick orange-brown felt pubescence. Stems are cylindrical with orange-brown felt pubescence. The fruit is a polyspermous oblong capsule 3–8 mm long, glandular-pubescent, opening from the bottom up into five leaves when ripe. The smell is pungent and specific. The taste is not determined.

Crushed raw materials. Pieces of stems, leaves and fruits passing through a 5mm sieve. When examining crushed raw materials under a magnifying glass (10×) or a stereomicroscope (16×), fragments of a leaf blade with a shiny uneven surface of light gray, grayish green, dark green, brownish green (upper leathery side) or covered with thick orange-brown pubescence (underside); pieces of petioles and cylindrical stems with orange-brown felt pubescence, sometimes split lengthwise with a light yellow porous core; individual light yellow and yellow fragments of stem pith; glandular-pubescent pieces of fruit capsule, individual fragments of valves.

Color green, dark green, orange-brown, grayish-brown. The smell is pungent and specific. The taste is not determined.

Note. The raw materials intended for the production of ledin are not crushed.

Microscopic signs

Whole raw materials, crushed raw materials. When examining a leaf from the surface, epidermal cells should be visible on both sides of the leaf - small with thin or clearly thickened sinuous walls, above the veins - with straight ones. Stomata are only on the lower side, large, raised, with 4-8 parastomatal cells (anomocytic type). The upper side of the leaf is covered with a thick cuticle; hairs are rare. The underside is densely covered with three types of hairs: long, multicellular, ribbon-like, sinuous and twisted hairs, consisting of two rows of cells, with red-brown contents; small single-celled hairs with a thick shell covered with a warty cuticle; capitate hairs on a unicellular or multicellular stalk with a multicellular round head containing oily drops. Essential oil glands are found on both sides of the leaf, but more on the bottom; they consist of a large rounded flattened head formed by two types of cells: 6-10 small rounded cells located at the base of the gland, and 10-12 large almost flat cells forming a dome above the first; the stalk of the gland is short, two-row, consisting of several small cells. The leaf mesophyll is characterized by pronounced aerenchyma and contains drusen of calcium oxalate, less often single prismatic crystals and their intergrowths.

When examining a crushed preparation of the stem, rectangular elongated epidermal cells with straight walls should be visible; hairs and essential oil glands are found on the surface; oval-shaped parenchyma cells; mechanical fibers; spiral type vessels.

When examining a crushed preparation of the capsule valves, polygonal-shaped epidermal cells, simple single-cell hairs, and essential oil glands with a short stalk and a rounded head should be visible; in the mesophyll there are layers of stony cells.

Rice. 1. Ledum marsh shoots

1 – fragment of leaf epidermis (200×); 2 – fragment with an essential oil gland (a) and small single-celled hairs with a thick shell covered with a warty cuticle (b) (200×); 3 – hairs: long, multicellular, ribbon-like, sinuous and twisted hairs, consisting of two rows of cells, with red-brown contents (200×); 4 – essential oil glands (a), capitate hair on a multicellular stalk with a multicellular round head containing oily droplets (b) (200×); 5 – parenchyma cells of the stem (200×); 6 – layer of fetal stony cells (200×)

Determination of the main groups of biologically active substances

1. Thin layer chromatography

Preparation of solutions

Standard solution (RS) of thymol and menthol. 5 mg of thymol and 10 mg of menthol are dissolved in 10 ml of 96% alcohol with stirring. The shelf life of the solution is no more than 3 months when stored in a cool, dark place.

Test solution. To 20 µl of oil obtained by quantification, add 1 ml of toluene.

On the starting line of a high-performance chromatography plate with a layer of silica gel on an aluminum substrate measuring 10 × 10 cm, 15 μl of the test solution and 20 μl of a solution of CO thymol and menthol are applied in strips. The plate with the applied samples is dried at room temperature, placed in a chamber with a solvent mixture of ethyl acetate - toluene (5:95), and chromatographed using an ascending method. When the front of solvents passes about 80–90% of the length of the plate from the starting line, it is removed from the chamber, dried until traces of solvents are removed, treated with anisaldehyde with an alcoholic sulfate solution, kept at a temperature of 100–105 °C for 5–10 minutes and viewed in daylight.

The chromatogram of a solution of CO thymol and menthol should reveal a blue adsorption zone (menthol) in the lower part and above it a pink adsorption zone (thymol).

The chromatogram of the test solution should show: an adsorption zone from violet to reddish-violet color slightly above the level of the menthol adsorption zone on the chromatogram of a solution of CO thymol and menthol (ice), as well as a violet to reddish-violet color zone slightly above the thymol adsorption zone on the chromatogram solution of CO thymol and menthol (palustrol); detection of other adsorption zones is allowed.

1. 2 . About 2.0 g of crushed raw material, passing through a sieve with 2 mm holes, is placed in a 100 ml flask, 20 ml of 70% alcohol is added and heated in a water bath with reflux for 10 minutes. The extract is then cooled and filtered (test solution).

A) 1 ml of the test solution is placed in a test tube, zinc powder and 5–7 drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid are added and mixed; a slight pink color should be observed, which becomes more intense when heated (flavonoids)

B) To 1 ml of the test solution add 2 drops of iron(III) ammonium sulfate solution; A black-green color (tannins) should be observed.

TESTS

Humidity

Whole raw materials crushed raw materials – no more than 14%.

Total ash

Whole raw materials crushed raw materials – no more than 4%.

Ash, insoluble in hydrochloric acid

Whole raw materials, crushed raw materials– no more than 1%;

Raw material grinding

Crushed raw materials– particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes measuring 5 mm – no more than 5%; particles passing through a sieve with holes measuring 0.5 mm - no more than 5%.

Foreign matter

The stems are grayish-brown. Whole raw materials– no more than 10%.

Pieces of grayish-brown stems . Crushed raw materials– no more than 10%.

Organic impurity. Whole raw materials crushed raw materials – no more than 1%.

Mineral impurity. Whole raw materialscrushed raw materials – no more than 0.5%.

Heavy metals

In accordance with the requirements of the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph “Determination of the content of heavy metals and arsenic in medicinal plant raw materials and medicinal herbal preparations».

Radionuclides

In accordance with the requirements of the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph “Determination of radionuclide content in medicinal plant materials and medicinal herbal preparations.”

Pesticide residues

In accordance with the requirements of the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph “Determination of the content of residual pesticides in medicinal plant materials and medicinal herbal preparations.”

Microbiological purity

In accordance with the requirements of the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph “Microbiological purity”.

Quantification

Whole raw materialscrushed raw materials: essential oil – not less than 0.1%.

Essential oil.

In accordance with the requirements of the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph “Determination of essential oil content in medicinal plant raw materials and medicinal herbal preparations” (method 2, sample 30.0 g of raw material, crushed to particle size 1 – 3 cm, distillation time - 4 hours, after distillation the cooling of the refrigerator is stopped so that the crystallized part of the essential oil on the walls of the refrigerator melts and falls into the receiver).

Packaging, labeling and transportation

In accordance with the requirements of the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph “Packaging, labeling and transportation of medicinal herbal raw materials and medicinal herbal preparations.”

Storage

In accordance with the requirements of the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph “Storage of medicinal plant raw materials and medicinal herbal preparations”.

The use of wild rosemary in folk medicine limited for a number of reasons. Firstly, the plant is poisonous, as indicated by its sharp, specific, sickening smell. This is evidenced by the generic name of the culture in Latin laedere, which literally means “to harm.”

Secondly, the plant is not easy to find, despite the fact that it grows crowdedly and often forms dense thickets. Its habitat is limited to swampy marshy places, peat bogs, sphagnum bogs surrounded by coniferous forests. Found in the tundra, Siberia, and central Russia.

And thirdly, even proximity to plants of other crops causes the accumulation of wild rosemary essential oils in them. There are known cases of poisoning with honey collected from the flowers of the plant. And blueberries, which often coexist with shrubs in swampy thickets, adsorb volatile essential components and acquire an intoxicating effect.

Features of wild rosemary

However, the wild rosemary plant is still used for medicinal purposes. Moreover, at the beginning of the twentieth century, Soviet scientists conducted studies of its composition and medicinal properties. Observations have shown that when used carefully, following the recipe and dosage of the drugs, they do not have a toxic effect.

Description

Marsh rosemary. Botanical illustration from the book “Bilder ur Nordens Flora” by K. A. M. Lindmann, 1917-1926.

So, what is wild rosemary? This is a shrub from the genus of evergreen heather plants. It reaches a height of a meter, less often it grows up to one and a half. It is distinguished by erect stems; young shoots are pubescent with brown bristles. The leaves are sparse, long, with a pointed edge, hanging down.

When asked what wild rosemary looks like, herbalists answer: look for the plant with the most pronounced smell and shoots pointing upward. You probably won't go wrong. Then you can note its other features. For example, small white flowers that gather at the very top of the shoots into compact “panicles”. When wild rosemary blooms, such “panicles” crown each shoot over two years old. This happens in May - July. By August, fruits are formed - compact boxes of oblong, oval shape, which quickly open.

Collection and preparation

The description of wild rosemary allows you to accurately identify the plant. But not all of its parts are suitable for collection. Herbalists are interested in stems, leaves and partially fruits, if they are located on the shoots. The young shoots of wild rosemary have the greatest value; medicinal properties higher due to the higher content of essential oils. Avoid collecting two and three year old shoots.

Harvesting is done by hand, breaking off young stems. The bush cannot be pulled out by the roots, otherwise the plant will die. Caution should be exercised at harvesting sites: the bushes from which medicinal raw materials are collected must be given three to five years to fully recover.

To dry, the stems are laid out in a layer of up to fifteen centimeters in a well-ventilated room, under a canopy. The temperature in the dryer should be forty degrees. The stems must be turned daily until they dry completely. Follow safety precautions and do not inhale the saturated vapors of the plant in a confined space.

Compound

The herb wild rosemary is interesting for its chemical composition. To date, it has been well studied. Leaves, shoots and fruits retain a stable, specific odor even after harvesting, which indicates the preservation of essential oils in them even after drying. Indeed, their volume decreases by about twenty percent during harvesting and remains at this level for two to three years.

• Essential oil. Its concentration in young stems reaches nine percent. Contains such organic compounds, such as iceol, palustol, cymol, geranyl acetate. The main active ingredient is ice, which has an expectorant and relaxing effect.
• Glycoside arbutin. Possesses antiseptic effect, suppresses the growth of pathogenic microflora. Particularly effective against Staphylococcus aureus.
• Flavonoids. Plant substances that improve vascular tone, reduce their permeability, and improve the health of the blood supply system.
• Tannins. They have an astringent, hemostatic effect.

The younger the shoots, the higher the concentration of active substances. The use of wild rosemary herb is based on the use of the medicinal qualities of essential oil and glycosides.

Application of wild rosemary

The plant has been used in folk medicine since the sixteenth century. It is especially widespread in Germany and Sweden, where it is used to treat various diseases internal organs, skin.

It began to be used in Russia in the 19th century. Academician A.P. Krylov described the practice of its use in the treatment of whooping cough in 1912. A little later, Professor A.P. Tatarov reported the high effectiveness of the cough suppressant in the treatment of acute bronchitis, bronchial asthma.

According to Soviet scientists, treatment with wild rosemary does not have an addictive effect, so it can be taken for years as a supportive agent for asthma, for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Indications for its use are all diseases respiratory system accompanied by cough syndrome.

In 1945, scientist N.N. Dyakov outlined several more important characteristics medicine, which made it possible to recommend it for the treatment of bronchial asthma. It has an antiallergic effect and moderately reduces blood pressure, therefore it is most effective in people with cough syndrome and hypertension.

The studies carried out made it possible to determine the scope of application of wild rosemary, contraindications and indications for its use, instructions for its use.

• Anti-cough. The infusion is recommended for diseases of the respiratory system, accompanied by a painful, paroxysmal cough. Used for whooping cough, bronchitis, asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis.
• From high blood pressure . The product dilates blood vessels and reduces blood pressure, an increase in which is characteristic of diseases with cough syndrome.
• Skin antiseptic. It has a negative effect on pathogenic microflora of the skin, in particular on staphylococcus colonies. Accelerates wound healing, disinfects, reduces the risk of inflammation.

The specific composition of the plant and its toxic properties when the dosage is exceeded allow “traditional healers” to recommend it for abortion; reviews from doctors about such use are very categorical. It is unacceptable to use wild rosemary in gynecological practice and to stimulate miscarriage. Severe intoxication of the body is possible.

When coughing, take an infusion of the plant in water.

Preparation

1. Pour 200 ml of boiling water over a teaspoon of crushed raw materials.
2. Leave to sit for eight hours.
3. Strain.

An oil infusion of the herb is used as a means to heal wounds and disinfect skin rashes.

Preparation

1. Mix two tablespoons of crushed raw materials with five tablespoons vegetable oil in a metal container.
2. Cover with a lid and place on a hot surface (electric stove, oven).
3. Leave for twelve hours, strain.

Lubricate inflamed skin areas and wounds with this composition.

If the dosage is observed, wild rosemary has no contraindications; it can be included in your home pharmacy as an expectorant that alleviates respiratory tract diseases. It will also help in the treatment of skin diseases and hypertension.

In case of an overdose, the patient experiences extreme irritability, alternating with states of apathy. An overdose requires immediate medical attention.